Table 2.

Summary of ginseng regulating gut microbiota in human models.

Conditions	Compounds/Extracts	Dose/Period	Models	Gut microbiota		Mechanisms	Refs.
				Up	Down
Obesity	Ginseng extract	4g; 56 days	Obesity middle-aged Korean women	Bif, Fae, Bla		Reduces the BW, BMI and GLU, TC, TG of the serum.	(Song et al., 2014)
Metabolic syndrome	Korean red ginseng powder	6000 mg/day; 56 days	patients with metabolic syndrome	Bac	Fir, Pro	Improves metabolic syndrome by reducing systolic blood pressure, serum lipid metabolism markers TC and LDL levels and insulin resistance.	(Seong et al., 2021)
NAFLD	KRG powder capsules (including Rg1, Rb1, Rg3)	4.5 mg/g; 2 g/day; 28 days	Patients with nonalcoholic statohepatitis	Bif, Esc, Eub, Erys, Kle	Fir, Fae, Par, Meg, Dia	Reduces AST, ALT, TC, TG, γ-GT levels in the liver.	(Hong et al., 2021)