Table 4. Randomised large-scale trials for adjuvant therapy of resected PDAC in the modern era.

Trial	Types of trial	N	Interventions	Primary endpoint	mDFS (months)	mOS (months)	Result
CONKO-001 [98]	Phase III	368	G. vs. Observation	DFS	13.4 vs. 6.7	22.8 vs. 20.2	Achieved primary endpoint
RTOG 9704 [99]	RCT, Phase III	451(Pancreatic-388)	5-FU/Lv, → concurrent 5-FU-RT, --> 5-FU/Lv; vs. G.--> concurrent 5-FU-RT, followed by G.	OS	NR	20.5 vs. 17.1	Trend towards benefit with G, but statistically did not achieve endpoint
ESPAC-3 [101]	RCT. Phase III	1088	G. vs. 5 -FU	OS	14.3 vs. 14.1	23.6 vs. 23	Did not achieve primary endpoint
JASPAC-01 [100]	RCT, Phase III (Non inferiority)	385	G. vs. S1	OS	11.3 vs. 22.9 (RFS)	25.5 vs. 46.5	Achieved primary endpoint
ESPAC-4 [103]	RCT, Phase III	732	G-C. vs. G	OS	13.9 vs. 13.1	28 vs. 25.5	Achieved primary endpoint
Canadian Cancer Trials Group and the Unicancer-GI–PRODIGE Group [102]	RCT, Phase III	493	mFOLFIRINOX vs. G.	DFS	21.6 vs. 12.8	54.4 vs. 35	Achieved primary endpoint
APACT [104]	RCT, Phase III	866	nab-P/G vs. G.	DFS	19.4 vs. 18.8	40.5 vs. 36.	Did not achieve primary endpoint

N, Total number of patients; mDFS, Median Disease-free survival, mOS, Median Overall survival, JASPAC, Japan Adjuvant Study Group of Pancreatic Cancer; RTOG, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, APACT, Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Resected Pancreatic Cancer; G, Gemcitabine, 5-FU/LV - 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, RT, Radiotherapy, RFS, Recurrence free survival, G-C, Gemcitabine-capecitabine, mFOLFIRINOX, Modified 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin-irinotecan-oxaliplatin, nab-P/G, Nab-Paclitaxel/gemcitabine, NR, Not reported.