Table 2.

Bisphosphonates.

Studies	Study design	Main outcomes
Brunsvold et al. (1992) [94]	Animals: 27 adult cynomolgus monkeys with intact dentitions Disease model: PD induced by ligature placed around the lower premolars and molars, plus oral inoculation of P. gingivalis Treatment: alendronate (0.05 mg/kg) for 16 weeks	Decreased the progression of PD as measured by changes in bone density.
Moreira et al. (2014) [36]	Animals: thirty-six 3-month-old Wistar rats Disease model: ligature-induced PD around the upper right second molar Treatment: daily injections of 2.5 mg/kg body weight alendronate for 7 days before and 7, 14, and 21 days after PD induction.	Reduced the activity of osteoclasts and the resorption of the alveolar bone crest. After 21 days of treatment, some animals developed signs of ONJ due to reduced osteoclast activity
De Almeida et al. (2015) [35]	Animals: ninety 3-month-old Wistar rats Disease model: ligature-induced PD around the lower left first molar Treatment: scaling and root planning and/or administration of alendronate (irrigation with 1 ml of 10−5 M) for 7, 15, and 30 days	The combination of the two treatments showed less local inflammation and enhanced tissue repair