TABLE 1.
Phytochemical composition (%) of essential oils (EOs) and hydrosols (HSs) used in this study, by GC-MS.
| Component | Rt (min) | OV EO | OV HS | TV EO | TV HS | RO EO | RO HS | Identification |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 2.42 | 5.81 | 12.64 | 10.62 | 56.29 | 2.15 | ||
| α-pinene | 7.78 | tr | − | 0.22 | − | 32.55 | 1.94 | MS |
| Camphene | 8.40 | − | − | tr | − | 9.35 | 0.21 | Co-GC |
| β-pinene | 9.64 | − | − | tr | − | 2.06 | − | Co-GC |
| Myrcene | 10.40 | − | − | 0.18 | − | 2.31 | − | Co-GC |
| Limonene | 12.12 | − | − | − | − | 3.57 | − | Co-GC |
| α-thujene | 7.52 | tr | − | tr | − | tr | − | MS |
| α-terpinolene | 15.10 | − | − | Tr | 0.32 | − | − | MS |
| α-terpinene | 11.55 | tr | − | 0.23 | − | 0.55 | − | Co-GC |
| γ-terpinene | 13.64 | − | 5.04 | 0.60 | − | 0.84 | − | Co-GC |
| p-cymene | 11.93 | 2.27 | 0.77 | 11.78 | 10.30 | 5.03 | − | Co-GC |
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 5.45 | − | 6.05 | 27.35 | 26.49 | 95.55 | ||
| Linalool | 15.71 | − | − | 1.82 | 6.61 | 1.07 | 2.10 | Co-GC |
| Camphor | 17.69 | 0.71 | − | 0.40 | 1.90 | 6.67 | 20.89 | Co-GC |
| Borneol | 17.78 | 0.68 | − | 0.94 | 8.74 | 5.55 | 15.10 | Co-GC |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 19.36 | 0.92 | − | 2.06 | 6.47 | 0.42 | 1.62 | Co-GC |
| Bornyl acetate | 24.45 | − | − | 0.17 | − | 4.97 | 0.58 | Co-GC |
| 1,8-cineole | 12.23 | 1.03 | − | 0.42 | 2.45 | 7.26 | 20.14 | Co-GC |
| (Z)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol | 16.66 | − | − | tr | − | − | − | MS |
| α-terpineol | 20.02 | − | − | 0.21 | 0.86 | 0.55 | 1.86 | MS |
| p-cymen-8-ol | 19.80 | − | − | − | 0.33 | − | − | MS |
| Cis-sabinene hydrate | 14.02 | 0.27 | − | − | − | − | − | MS |
| Trans-sabinene hydrate | 15.52 | 0.23 | − | − | − | − | − | MS |
| Piperitenone oxide | 28.01 | 1.62 | − | − | − | − | − | MS |
| Verbenone | 20.86 | − | − | − | − | 2.72 | 33.26 | Co-GC |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 0.53 | 1.06 | 2.35 | − | 5.24 | − | ||
| β-caryophyllene | 30.23 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 1.74 | − | 4.86 | − | Co-GC |
| Allo-aromadendrene | 32.70 | − | − | Tr | − | tr | − | MS |
| Germacrene D | 33.02 | − | − | 0.35 | − | 0.12 | − | MS |
| β-copaene | 32.10 | − | − | 0.17 | − | tr | − | MS |
| α-cubebene | 28.40 | − | − | − | − | 0.13 | − | |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | − | − | − | − | tr | − | ||
| Caryophyllene oxide | 34.90 | − | − | − | − | tr | − | MS |
| Phenolic compounds | 90.62 | 93.13 | 75.95 | 61.04 | 1.83 | − | ||
| Thymol | 24.93 | 1.41 | 1.54 | 68.02 | 57.35 | 1.56 | − | Co-GC |
| Carvacrol | 25.34 | 88.64 | 91.59 | 5.71 | 3.69 | tr | − | Co-GC |
| Thymol methyl ether | 22.14 | − | − | 1.38 | − | − | − | MS |
| Methyl carvacrol | 22.56 | 0.57 | − | 0.83 | − | 0.16 | − | MS |
| Hydrocarbons | 0.27 | − | 0.87 | − | − | − | ||
| Cadina-1,3,5-triene | 33.23 | 0.27 | − | 0.87 | − | − | − | MS |
| Alcohols | − | − | 0.11 | 0.63 | − | − | ||
| 1-octen-2-ol | 9.89 | − | − | 0.11 | 0.63 | − | − | MS |
| Total identified | 99.29 | 100.00 | 98.56 | 99.63 | 92.55 | 97.70 |
MS, identification by NIST (2017) spectral database; Co-GC, identification confirmed with reference compound; tr, traces (<0.1%). Values in bold represent the quantitation for the relevant class of compounds.