Catalytic hydrogenolysis of HMF into DMF.
| Entry | Catalyst | Solvent | H2 source | T (°C)/t (h) | HMF con. (%) | DMF yield (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PtCo@HCS | 1-BuOH | H2 (10 bar) | 180/2 | 100 | 98 | 60 |
| 2 | Ni–W2C/AC | THF | H2 (10 bar) | 180/3 | 100 | 96 | 61 |
| 3 | Pd/C | THF | Formic acid | 150/2 | 100 | >95 | 62 |
| 4 | Pd/C | [EMIM]Cl-MeCN | H2 (62 bar) | 120/1 | 47 | 32 | 64 |
| 5 | Pd/C | ScCO2–H2O | H2 (10 bar) | 80/2 | 100 | 100 | 64 |
| 6 | CuRu/C | 1-BuOH | H2 (6.8 bar) | 220/– | – | 70 | 13 |
| 7 | Ru/Co3O4 | THF | H2 (7 bar) | 130/24 | 100 | 94 | 67 |
| 8 | Ru-HT | 2-Propanol | H2 (10 bar) | 220/4 | 100 | 58 | 69 |
| 9 | Cu–PMO | Sc methanol | MeOH | 260/3 | 100 | 48 | 69 |