Table 1.
Landscape metrics used to study the effects of the landscape composition and configuration on the population genetic structure of the temperate forest herbs Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, and Polygonatum multiflorum
| Landscape metric | Definition (min, median, max) | Expected effect on gene flow among populationsa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species: |
Anemone nemorosa Oxalis acetosella |
Oxalis acetosella | Polygonatum multiflorum | Polygonatum multiflorum | |
| Vector: | Hoverflies, bees | Wild boar, deer | Bumblebees | Birds, mammals | |
| Area-based metrics | |||||
| Percent cover of … | |||||
| FOREST | Deciduous forest (2.5; 8; 23.6) | − 40, 46, 81, 84, 0 51, 86, + 30, 50, 54, 59, 60, 70 | + 55, 56 | − 22, 40, 46, 81, 84, 0 51 | + 5, 9, 20, 29, 31, 34, 38, 63, 67, 78 |
| GRASS | Grassland in general (2.9; 18.7; 78.9) | 0 + 3, 11, 39, 45, 66, 72, 73 | 0 + 2, 71 | 0 + 22, 37, 80 | 0 + 5, 23, 52, 63 |
| SEMNATGRASS | Semi−natural grassland (0; 1.3; 7.3) | + 3, 11, 39, 45, 66, 72, 73 | 0 + 2, 71 | − 64, + 11, 17, 22, 61, 80 | + 5, 23, 52, 63 |
| SEMNATVEG | Other semi-natural vegetation (0; 0.7; 8.9) | + 3, 11, 39, 66, 72 | 0 | − 64, + 11, 17, 61 | + 23 |
| ARABLE | Arable land in general (10.6; 58.8; 81.9) | − 27,−+ 25, 50, 74 | + 2, 58, 71 | − 27 | − 5, 29, 63, 67, 68 |
| RAPE | Arable land cultivated with oilseed rape (0; 4; 17.3) | − 35, 36, 53, 79,−+ 44, + 7, 25, 65 | 0 | − 17, 35, 36, 0 22,−+ 44, 83, + 26, 33, 43, 82 | − 5, 29, 63, 67, 68 |
| MAIZE | Arable land cultivated with maize (0; 8.1; 43.4) | − 27 | + 2, 8, 32, 41, 71, 76 | − 27 | − 5, 29, 63, 67, 68 |
| CEREAL | Arable land cultivated with other cereals (2; 21.4; 52.4) | − + 25, 50, 74 | + 2, 58, 71 | 0 | − 5, 29, 63, 67, 68 |
| ORCHARD | Traditional grassland orchards (0; 0.1; 3) | − 35, + 3, 11, 39, 66, 72 | 0 | − 61 | 0 |
| SETTLE | Settlement area (0; 4.3; 19) | 0 | − 8, 13 | − 57,−+ 15, 22 | − 5, 13, 67 |
| + Conditioning variable: PROPGREEN = Prop. of green urban areas | |||||
| Linear landscape elements | |||||
| Relative length [m ha−1] of … | |||||
| LWOOD | Hedgerows and tree lines (0.4; 27.3; 135.3) | − 85,−+ 12, 42, 45, + 1, 16, 21, 25, 59, 70 | − + 69, 75 | − + 12, 14, 21, 42 | 0 + 18, 24, 47, + 4, 5, 20, 34, 38 |
| + Conditioning variable: O:P_LWOOD = Orthogonal-to-parallel ratio | |||||
| LWATER | Water courses (incl. draining ditches) (0.9; 11.8; 37.3) | − + 12, + 1 | − + 69, 75 | − + 12 | 0 |
| + Conditioning variable: O:P_LWATER = Orthogonal-to-parallel ratio | |||||
| LFRINGE | Broad herbaceous fringes (0; 3.3; 21.3) |
− + 12, + 3, 11, 39, 45, 66, 72, 73 |
− + 69, 75 |
− + 12, 43, + 11, 17, 22, 37, 61 |
0 + 5, 52, 63 |
| + Conditioning variable: O:P_LFRINGE = Orthogonal-to-parallel ratio | |||||
| LROAD | Roads (0.7; 15.6; 36.2) | − 48,−+ 12 | − + 10, 13, 69, 75, 77 | − + 6, 12 | − 5, 13, 19 |
| + Conditioning variable: O:P_LROAD = Orthogonal-to-parallel ratio | |||||
| Index metrics | |||||
| SHANNON | Diversity of land−use types (0.9; 1.7; 2.1) | + 11, 72 | 0 | + 11, 72 | + 29, 67 |
| EDGEDEN | Land−use parcel edge density [m ha−1] (55; 131; 294) | − + 49, + 28, 72 | − 62, 69 | + 72 | − 69, + 67, 72 |
For each landscape metric, the columns provide the definition and the expected effects on gene flow based on available literature (references indicated by superscripts are provided in Table S5.1). The minimum, median and maximum value of each landscape metric across all populations for a 1000 m buffer zone is given in parentheses. The potential mechanisms via pollen- or seed-dispersal vectors behind expected effects are detailed in Table S5.2
aEffect codes:−negative, + positive, −+ negative or positive depending on conditions, 0 no effect, 0 + no or positive effect depending on conditions