Table 2.

Summary of landscape effects on allelic richness (A_r), expected (H_e) and observed heterozygosity (H_o) and the inbreeding coefficient (F) as resulting from linear mixed-effects models at the node level, separately for (a) Anemone nemorosa, (b) Oxalis acetosella, and (c) Polygonatum multiflorum

Landscape metrics	Ar	He	Ho	F
(a) Anemone nemorosa
FOREST_2000			\
ARABLE_2000	/
RAPE_500				/∩
MAIZE_1000		/
pcSETTLE_250a			/U
pcSETTLE_500b		/
LROAD_250				/∩
LWOOD_2000	/∩
LFRINGE_500	\
Marginal R2	0.74	0.38	0.60	0.48
Landscape R2	0.56	0.29	0.58	0.41
% Landscape	76.4	74.9	97.7	84.7
(b) Oxalis acetosella
SEMNATGRASS_1000			U
SEMNATVEG_500		/∩	/
MAIZE_250		\∩
MAIZE_1000				/∩
pcLWOODGRASS_1000c				/
LFRINGE_2000				\
LROAD_500	∩
EDGEDEN_125			\
Marginal R2	0.42	0.57	0.42	0.47
Landscape R2	0.08	0.30	0.19	0.47
% Landscape	19.5	53.0	45.2	99.5
(c) Polygonatum multiflorum
FOREST_2000				/
SEMNATGRASS_250		∩
pcARABvsGRASS_2000d	\	\
SETTLE_250				\
SETTLE_1000	\	\
pcSETTLE_1000e			\
LWATER_1000			X
LWATER_2000	/
SHANNON_250	/
LROAD_2000				/
Marginal R2	0.76	0.38	0.19	0.58
Landscape R2	0.42	0.24	0.01	0.42
% Landscape	55.9	63.6	4.1	72.3

All important effects (importance value ≥ 0.5, see main text), are symbolized as follows: / positive effect, \ negative effect, X interactive effect (see Fig. 3), ∩ and ∪ unimodal effect with maximum and minimum, respectively, at an intermediate level of the landscape metric, /∩, \∩ and /∪ asymmetric unimodal effects with positive or negative trend, respectively. In addition, R² values for each model are provided: marginal R² (variation explained by fixed effects, i.e., jointly by basic population genetic determinants and landscape metrics), landscape R² (variation explained uniquely by landscape metrics) and the percentage of the marginal R² that can be uniquely attributed to landscape effects (%Landscape). See Table 1 for explanations on variable names. Numbers added to the variable names correspond to the most influential buffer distance in meters. See Table S6.1 for complete model results. Visualizations of the effects are presented in Figs. 2, 3, and S6.1 to S6.3

^aPrincipal component from SETTLE_250 (r = 0.94) and LROAD_250 (r = 0.94)

^bPrincipal component from SETTLE_500 (r = 0.93), LROAD_500 (r = 0.89) and EDGEDEN_500 (r = 0.90)

^cPrincipal component from GRASS_1000 (r = 0.94) and LWOOD_1000 (r = 0.94)

^dPrincipal component from CEREAL_2000 (r = 0.97), RAPE_2000 (r = 0.90), and GRASS_2000 (r = − 0.95)

^ePrincipal component from SETTLE_1000 (r = 0.95) and LROAD_1000 (r = 0.95)