Table 1. Baseline characteristics of older Japanese participants (n = 48,216) who were 65 years of age or older, Japan, 2010–2016.
| Characteristic | Total number of leisure activities | |||||||||||||
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| 0 (n = 13,953) | 1 (n = 8,228) | 2 (n = 8,197) | 3 (n = 6,842) | 4 (n = 4,711) | 5 (n = 2,957) | 6–17 (n = 3,328) | ||||||||
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| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| Deaths | 2,077 | 14.9 | 1,180 | 14.3 | 921 | 11.2 | 630 | 9.2 | 363 | 7.7 | 208 | 7.0 | 196 | 5.9 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 5,833 | 41.8 | 3,754 | 45.6 | 3,769 | 46.0 | 3,280 | 47.9 | 2,257 | 47.9 | 1,516 | 52.3 | 1,769 | 53.2 |
| Female | 8,120 | 58.2 | 4,474 | 54.4 | 4,428 | 54.0 | 3,562 | 52.1 | 2,454 | 52.1 | 1,441 | 48.7 | 1,559 | 46.8 |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||||
| 65–69 | 3,782 | 27.1 | 1,877 | 22.8 | 2,246 | 27.4 | 2,045 | 29.9 | 1,420 | 30.1 | 925 | 31.3 | 1,111 | 33.4 |
| 70–74 | 3,966 | 28.4 | 2,275 | 27.7 | 2,427 | 29.6 | 2,155 | 31.5 | 1,619 | 34.4 | 1,018 | 34.4 | 1,153 | 34.7 |
| 75–79 | 3,028 | 21.7 | 2,053 | 25.0 | 1,960 | 23.9 | 1,589 | 23.2 | 1,036 | 22.0 | 653 | 22.1 | 711 | 21.4 |
| ≥80 | 3,177 | 22.8 | 2,023 | 25.6 | 1,564 | 19.1 | 1,053 | 15.4 | 636 | 15.4 | 361 | 12.2 | 353 | 10.6 |
| Educational attainment, years | ||||||||||||||
| ≤9 | 8,183 | 58.7 | 4,698 | 57.1 | 3,991 | 48.7 | 2,815 | 41.1 | 1,737 | 36.9 | 971 | 32.8 | 807 | 24.3 |
| 10–12 | 3,859 | 27.7 | 2,256 | 27.4 | 2,771 | 33.8 | 2,548 | 37.2 | 1,828 | 38.8 | 1,141 | 38.6 | 1,394 | 41.9 |
| ≥13 | 1,520 | 10.9 | 984 | 12.0 | 1,248 | 15.2 | 1,359 | 19.9 | 1,088 | 23.1 | 804 | 27.2 | 1,086 | 32.6 |
| Other/missing | 391 | 2.8 | 290 | 3.5 | 187 | 2.3 | 120 | 1.8 | 58 | 1.2 | 41 | 1.4 | 41 | 1.2 |
| Annual income, Japanese yen | ||||||||||||||
| <2.00 million | 6,283 | 45.0 | 3,605 | 43.8 | 3,348 | 40.8 | 2,609 | 38.1 | 1,664 | 35.3 | 1,009 | 34.1 | 1,009 | 30.3 |
| 2.00–3.99 million | 3,629 | 26.0 | 2,127 | 25.9 | 2,580 | 31.5 | 2,483 | 36.3 | 1,890 | 40.1 | 1,208 | 40.9 | 1,555 | 46.7 |
| ≥4.00 million | 1,057 | 7.6 | 621 | 7.6 | 764 | 9.3 | 718 | 10.5 | 547 | 11.6 | 402 | 13.6 | 461 | 13.9 |
| Missing | 2,984 | 21.4 | 1,875 | 22.8 | 1,505 | 18.4 | 1,032 | 15.1 | 610 | 13.0 | 338 | 11.4 | 303 | 9.1 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||||
| Working | 3,187 | 22.8 | 1,723 | 20.9 | 1,752 | 21.4 | 1,438 | 21.0 | 941 | 20.0 | 554 | 18.7 | 596 | 17.9 |
| Retired | 6,573 | 47.1 | 4,032 | 49.0 | 4,409 | 53.8 | 4,025 | 58.8 | 2,928 | 62.2 | 1,914 | 64.7 | 2,277 | 68.4 |
| Never worked | 1,933 | 13.9 | 1,052 | 12.8 | 970 | 11.8 | 695 | 10.2 | 425 | 9.0 | 268 | 9.1 | 248 | 7.5 |
| Missing | 2,260 | 16.2 | 1,421 | 17.3 | 1,066 | 13.0 | 684 | 10.0 | 417 | 8.9 | 221 | 7.5 | 207 | 6.2 |
| Living situation | ||||||||||||||
| Live alone | 1,640 | 11.8 | 1,075 | 13.1 | 1,120 | 13.7 | 808 | 11.8 | 541 | 11.5 | 353 | 11.9 | 404 | 12.1 |
| Live with others | 12,036 | 86.3 | 6,981 | 84.8 | 6,954 | 84.8 | 5,960 | 87.1 | 4,133 | 87.7 | 2,578 | 87.2 | 2,899 | 87.1 |
| Missing | 277 | 2.0 | 175 | 2.1 | 123 | 1.5 | 74 | 1.1 | 37 | 0.79 | 26 | 0.88 | 25 | 0.75 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||
| Married | 9,290 | 66.6 | 5,509 | 67.0 | 5,784 | 70.6 | 5,002 | 73.1 | 3,542 | 75.2 | 2,255 | 76.3 | 2,584 | 77.6 |
| Widowed | 3,424 | 24.5 | 1,979 | 24.1 | 1,804 | 22.0 | 1,406 | 20.6 | 906 | 19.2 | 554 | 18.7 | 581 | 17.5 |
| Divorced | 539 | 3.9 | 280 | 3.4 | 269 | 3.3 | 201 | 2.9 | 129 | 2.7 | 73 | 2.5 | 83 | 2.49 |
| Not married | 291 | 2.1 | 176 | 2.14 | 167 | 2.0 | 123 | 1.8 | 82 | 1.7 | 47 | 1.6 | 55 | 1.7 |
| Other/missing | 409 | 2.9 | 284 | 3.5 | 173 | 2.1 | 110 | 1.6 | 52 | 1.1 | 28 | 1.0 | 25 | 0.75 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 7,824 | 56.1 | 4,553 | 55.3 | 4,651 | 56.7 | 3,908 | 57.1 | 2,666 | 56.6 | 1,660 | 56.1 | 1,841 | 55.3 |
| Ex-smoker | 3,334 | 23.9 | 2,007 | 24.4 | 2,203 | 26.9 | 1,937 | 28.3 | 1,461 | 31.0 | 956 | 3.3 | 1,140 | 34.3 |
| Smoker | 1,695 | 12.2 | 1,010 | 12.3 | 863 | 10.5 | 683 | 10.0 | 403 | 8.6 | 229 | 7.7 | 257 | 7.7 |
| Missing | 1,100 | 7.9 | 658 | 8.0 | 480 | 5.9 | 314 | 4.6 | 181 | 3.8 | 112 | 3.8 | 90 | 2.7 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 9,264 | 66.4 | 5,325 | 64.7 | 5,111 | 62.4 | 3,984 | 58.2 | 2,689 | 57.1 | 1,548 | 52.4 | 1,608 | 48.3 |
| Ex-drinker | 529 | 3.8 | 281 | 3.4 | 311 | 3.8 | 213 | 3.1 | 139 | 3.0 | 90 | 3.0 | 101 | 3.0 |
| Drinker | 3,862 | 27.7 | 2,408 | 29.3 | 2,618 | 31.9 | 2,543 | 37.2 | 1,827 | 38.8 | 1,279 | 43.3 | 1,601 | 48.1 |
| Missing | 298 | 2.1 | 214 | 2.6 | 157 | 1.9 | 102 | 1.5 | 56 | 1.4 | 40 | 1.4 | 18 | 0.54 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 1,164 | 8.3 | 652 | 7.9 | 578 | 7.1 | 425 | 6.2 | 262 | 5.6 | 165 | 5.6 | 163 | 4.9 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 8,921 | 63.9 | 5,361 | 65.2 | 5,562 | 67.9 | 4,832 | 70.6 | 3,443 | 73.1 | 2,168 | 73.3 | 2,489 | 74.8 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2,685 | 19.2 | 1,576 | 19.2 | 1,560 | 19.0 | 1,304 | 19.1 | 831 | 17.6 | 527 | 17.8 | 581 | 17.5 |
| ≥30.0 | 329 | 2.4 | 188 | 2.3 | 180 | 2.2 | 112 | 1.6 | 64 | 1.4 | 36 | 1.2 | 34 | 1.0 |
| Missing | 854 | 6.1 | 451 | 5.5 | 317 | 3.9 | 169 | 2.5 | 111 | 2.4 | 61 | 2.1 | 61 | 1.8 |
| IADL | ||||||||||||||
| Mean | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 12.5 | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||||||||||
| Non-depressed (GDS <5) | 7,056 | 50.6 | 4,501 | 54.7 | 5,046 | 61.6 | 4,624 | 67.6 | 3,299 | 70.0 | 2,195 | 74.2 | 2,621 | 78.8 |
| Depressed (GDS ≥5) | 4,454 | 31.9 | 2,190 | 26.6 | 1,778 | 21.7 | 1,223 | 17.9 | 763 | 16.2 | 366 | 12.4 | 295 | 8.9 |
| Missing | 2,443 | 17.5 | 1,537 | 18.7 | 1,373 | 16.8 | 995 | 14.5 | 649 | 13.8 | 396 | 13.4 | 412 | 12.4 |
| Cognitive complaints | ||||||||||||||
| No | 7,968 | 57.1 | 4,831 | 58.7 | 5,340 | 65.2 | 4,601 | 67.3 | 3,344 | 71.0 | 2,116 | 71.6 | 2,476 | 74.4 |
| Yes | 5,706 | 40.9 | 3,195 | 38.8 | 2,697 | 32.9 | 2,150 | 31.4 | 1,303 | 27.7 | 812 | 27.5 | 820 | 24.6 |
| Missing | 279 | 2.0 | 202 | 2.5 | 160 | 2.0 | 91 | 1.3 | 64 | 1.4 | 29 | 1.0 | 32 | 1.0 |
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||||
| Very good | 1,143 | 8.2 | 805 | 9.8 | 814 | 9.9 | 909 | 13.3 | 688 | 14.6 | 510 | 17.3 | 738 | 22.2 |
| Good | 9,022 | 64.7 | 5,498 | 66.8 | 5,826 | 71.1 | 4,955 | 72.4 | 3,425 | 72.7 | 2,095 | 70.9 | 2,302 | 69.2 |
| Poor | 3,055 | 21.9 | 1,573 | 19.1 | 1,309 | 16.0 | 818 | 12.0 | 529 | 11.2 | 290 | 9.8 | 237 | 7.1 |
| Very poor | 549 | 3.9 | 242 | 2.9 | 152 | 1.4 | 94 | 1.4 | 41 | 0.9 | 33 | 1.1 | 27 | 0.81 |
| Missing | 184 | 1.3 | 110 | 1.3 | 96 | 1.0 | 66 | 1.0 | 28 | 0.6 | 29 | 1.0 | 24 | 0.72 |
| Self-reported disease diagnoses | ||||||||||||||
| Cancer (yes) | 619 | 4.4 | 347 | 4.2 | 353 | 4.3 | 276 | 4.0 | 199 | 4.2 | 138 | 4.7 | 131 | 3.9 |
| Heart disease (yes) | 1,730 | 12.4 | 994 | 12.1 | 937 | 11.4 | 745 | 10.9 | 545 | 11.6 | 322 | 10.9 | 365 | 11.0 |
| Stroke (yes) | 181 | 1.3 | 114 | 1.4 | 95 | 1.16 | 72 | 1.1 | 42 | 0.89 | 27 | 0.91 | 42 | 1.3 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes) | 1,802 | 12.9 | 1,027 | 12.5 | 1,000 | 12.2 | 839 | 12.3 | 532 | 11.3 | 376 | 12.7 | 374 | 11.2 |
| Respiratory disease (yes) | 554 | 4.0 | 296 | 3.6 | 300 | 3.7 | 201 | 2.9 | 148 | 3.1 | 91 | 3.1 | 84 | 2.5 |
| Others (yes) | 9,563 | 68.5 | 5,810 | 70.6 | 5,766 | 70.3 | 4,715 | 68.9 | 3,206 | 68.1 | 2,003 | 67.7 | 2,142 | 64.4 |
| Missing | 248 | 1.8 | 134 | 1.6 | 140 | 1.7 | 92 | 1.3 | 44 | 0.93 | 27 | 0.91 | 35 | 1.1 |
| Frequency of meet friends | ||||||||||||||
| Once or more/week | 5,847 | 41.9 | 4,167 | 50.6 | 4,483 | 54.7 | 4,131 | 60.4 | 2,958 | 62.8 | 1,919 | 64.9 | 2,335 | 70.2 |
| Once or twice/month | 2,649 | 19.0 | 1,585 | 19.3 | 1,689 | 20.6 | 1,336 | 19.5 | 932 | 19.8 | 601 | 20.3 | 555 | 16.7 |
| Rarely | 4,586 | 32.9 | 2,001 | 24.3 | 1,669 | 20.4 | 1,188 | 17.4 | 706 | 19.8 | 370 | 12.5 | 379 | 11.4 |
| Missing | 871 | 6.2 | 475 | 5.8 | 356 | 4.3 | 187 | 2.7 | 115 | 15.0 | 67 | 2.3 | 59 | 1.8 |
| Number of meet friends | ||||||||||||||
| ≤5/month | 8,202 | 58.8 | 4,308 | 52.4 | 3,799 | 46.4 | 2,612 | 38.2 | 1,580 | 33.5 | 845 | 28.6 | 787 | 23.7 |
| ≥6/month | 4,620 | 33.1 | 3,295 | 40.1 | 4,027 | 49.1 | 4,073 | 59.5 | 3,040 | 64.5 | 2,071 | 70.0 | 2,498 | 75.1 |
| Missing | 1,131 | 8.1 | 625 | 7.6 | 371 | 4.5 | 157 | 2.3 | 91 | 1.9 | 41 | 1.4 | 43 | 1.3 |
| Receive emotional support | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 12,187 | 87.3 | 7,236 | 87.9 | 7,545 | 92.1 | 6,435 | 94.1 | 4,471 | 94.9 | 2,805 | 94.9 | 3,201 | 96.2 |
| No | 1,103 | 7.9 | 598 | 7.3 | 412 | 5.0 | 243 | 3.6 | 142 | 3.0 | 110 | 3.7 | 90 | 2.7 |
| Missing | 663 | 4.8 | 394 | 4.8 | 240 | 2.9 | 164 | 2.4 | 98 | 2.1 | 42 | 1.4 | 37 | 1.1 |
| Receive instrumental support | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 12,547 | 89.9 | 7,464 | 90.7 | 7,619 | 92.9 | 6,475 | 94.6 | 4,471 | 94.9 | 2,824 | 95.5 | 3,193 | 95.9 |
| No | 846 | 6.1 | 437 | 5.3 | 384 | 4.7 | 237 | 3.5 | 159 | 3.4 | 95 | 3.2 | 87 | 2.6 |
| Missing | 560 | 4.0 | 327 | 4.0 | 194 | 2.4 | 130 | 1.9 | 81 | 1.7 | 38 | 1.3 | 48 | 1.4 |
BMI, body mass index; GDS, geriatric depression scale; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.