Table 2. Association of the total number of leisure activities with all-cause mortality in older Japanese adults (n = 48,216), Japan, 2010–2016.

Total number of leisure activities	No. of deaths	Model 1a			Model 2b			Model 3c
		HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend
Total number of leisure activities (continuous)		0.87	0.86, 0.89	<0.001	0.93	0.92, 0.95	<0.001	0.93	0.92, 0.95	<0.001
Total number of leisure activities (categorical)				<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
0	2,077	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,180	0.87	0.81, 0.93		0.97	0.90, 1.04		0.97	0.90, 1.04
2	921	0.74	0.68, 0.80		0.90	0.83, 0.97		0.90	0.83, 0.98
3	630	0.64	0.58, 0.70		0.83	0.75, 0.91		0.83	0.76, 0.91
4	363	0.55	0.50, 0.62		0.74	0.66, 0.83		0.75	0.66, 0.84
5	208	0.50	0.44, 0.58		0.69	0.60, 0.80		0.70	0.60, 0.81
6–17	196	0.42	0.36, 0.49		0.61	0.52, 0.71		0.61	0.53, 0.72

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aCox proportional hazards regression analysis; adjusted for sex, age, education, income, and employment status.

^bCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for living situation, marital status, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, self-rated health status, and chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and other diseases).

^cCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for frequency of meet friends, number of friends, emotional social support (received), and instrumental social support (received).