Table 3. Association of the types and the number of leisure activities with all-cause mortality in older Japanese adults (n = 48,216), Japan, 2010–2016.

Type and the number of leisure activities	No. of deaths	Model 1a			Model 2b			Model 3c
		HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend
Physically-active leisure activities				<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
0	3,168	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,403	0.80	0.75, 0.85		0.91	0.85, 0.97		0.91	0.85, 0.97
2–8	1,004	0.65	0.60, 0.70		0.80	0.74, 0.86		0.80	0.74, 0.86
Cultural leisure activities				0.026			0.717			0.827
0	3,931	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,099	0.93	0.86, 0.99		0.97	0.90, 1.04		0.97	0.90, 1.04
2–8	545	0.92	0.84, 1.01		0.99	0.90, 1.09		1.00	0.90, 1.10
Other leisure activitiesd				<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
0	3,663	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,401	0.86	0.81, 0.92		0.94	0.88, 1.00		0.94	0.88, 1.00
2–6	511	0.66	0.60, 0.73		0.75	0.68, 0.83		0.76	0.69, 0.84

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aCox proportional hazards regression analysis; adjusted for sex, age, education, income, and employment status.

^bCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for living situation, marital status, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, self-rated health status, and chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and other diseases).

^cCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for frequency of meet friends, number of friends, emotional social support (received), and instrumental social support (received).

^dIncludes PC, karaoke, traveling, fishing, pachinko, and other.