Table 4. Association of the types and the number of leisure activities with all-cause mortality in older Japanese adults (n = 48,216), Japan, 2010–2016.

Type and the number of leisure activities	No. of deaths	Model 1a			Model 2b			Model 3c
		HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend	HR	95% CI	P for trend
Group-based leisure activities				<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
0	4,247	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,006	0.79	0.74, 0.85		0.87	0.81, 0.93		0.87	0.81, 0.94
2–5	322	0.73	0.65, 0.82		0.85	0.75, 0.95		0.85	0.76, 0.96
Solitary leisure activities				0.006			0.259			0.326
0	3,836	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,212	0.93	0.87, 0.99		0.96	0.89, 1.02		0.96	0.90, 1.03
2–7	527	0.90	0.81, 0.99		0.95	0.86, 1.05		0.96	0.87, 1.06
Othersd				<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
0	2,882	1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent		1.00	Referent
1	1,420	0.85	0.80, 0.91		0.95	0.89, 1.02		0.95	0.89, 1.02
2–9	1,273	0.66	0.61, 0.70		0.82	0.76, 0.88		0.82	0.76, 0.88

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aCox proportional hazards regression analysis; adjusted for sex, age, education, income, and employment status.

^bCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for living situation, marital status, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, self-rated health status, and chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and other diseases).

^cCox proportional hazards regression analysis; additionally adjusted for frequency of meet friends, number of friends, emotional social support (received), and instrumental social support (received).

^dIncludes exercise/Tai Chi, walking/jogging, tea ceremony/flower arrangement, photography, gardening, growing crops, traveling, hiking, and other.