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. 2022 Apr 26;13:869422. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869422

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Copyright © 2022 Bordukalo-Nikšić, Kufner and Vukičević

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of osteoclast differentiation. Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) induces hematopoietic stem cells to become osteoclast precursors, which, under influence of Receptor-Activated Nuclear κB ligand (RANKL) develop into mononucleated osteoclasts. Further, mononucleated osteoclasts undergo fusion, mediated by DC-STAMP protein, into giant multinucleated osteoclasts, which then, upon interaction with osteoblasts, differentiate into mature bone-resorbing osteoclasts with ruffled border, which secrete acids and matrix metalloproteinases. Image created with BioRender.com.