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. 2022 Apr 26;10:856951. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.856951

Figure 1.

Figure 1

16S rRNA analysis reveals a moderate effect of L. paracasei F19 supplementation. (A) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of fecal microbiota at baseline (prior to the intervention), 4 months (at the end of the intervention), and 12 months based on the weighted UniFrac distance metric. Results of Pairwise PERMANOVA are provided in the table insert. (B) Amplicon sequence variant (ASV) counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera for each group at 4 months of age. The different letters indicate statistical significance (ANCOM FDR < 0.05). (C) Bar plots of the mean relative abundance at family level of taxonomy in each group at baseline (0), 4, and 12 months of age. Unclassified family or the family with < 2.5% relative abundance were grouped as Other. (D) Fecal microbial alpha-diversity represented as the Shannon, Evenness, and Richness indices over time (*pairwise Kruskal-Wallis q < 0.05). Values are shown as mean ± SE. In all panels, the L. paracasei F19 supplemented group is represented in blue, the standard formula group in red, and the breastfed reference group in green. A total of 121 samples (n = 37 BF, n = 41 SF, n = 43 F19) were analyzed.