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. 2022 May 10;79(6):288. doi: 10.1007/s00018-022-04290-6

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Fig. 4 — ADP-ribosylation of viral proteins and interaction with PARPs. a The non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 of Zika virus are ADP-ribosylation substrates of PARP12 and potentially of a TNKS. The resulting PARylation promotes the recruitment of an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Subsequent poly-ubiquitination induces proteasomal degradation. At which point ADP-ribosylation is reversed has not been clarified. b The protease domain of the non-structural protein nsP2 of Chikungunya virus is MARylated by PARP10, which inhibits the proteolytic activity. As a result viral non-structural polyprotein processing and thus replication is inhibited. This is antagonized by the viral macrodomain of nsP3. c The non-structural protein NS1 of avian influenza virus interacts with PARP10 resulting in PARP10 degradation. Whether this involves poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation has not been resolved