Table 1.
Frequency of binding (BAB) and neutralizing (NAB) antibodies to IFN‐I (IFN‐α and IFN‐β), demographic and clinical parameters of COVID‐19 patients
| COVID‐19 patients | Anti‐IFN‐α/β BAB negative | Anti‐IFN‐α BAB positive | Anti‐IFN‐β BAB positive | Anti‐IFN‐α NAB positive^ | Anti‐IFN‐β NAB positive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 360 | 299/360 (83) | 27/360 (7.5) | 37/360 (10.3) | 13/360 (3.6) | 1/360 (0.3) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male (n = 249) | 202/299 (67.6) | *24/27 (88.9) | **24/37 (64.9) | ***11/13 (84.6) | 0/1 (0) |
| Female (n = 111) | 97/299 (32.4) | 3/27 (11.1) | 13/37 (35.1) | 2/13 (15.4) | 1/1 (100) |
| Age | |||||
| Δ <60 years (n = 156) | 132/299 (44.1) | 11/27 (40.7) | 14/37 (37.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1/1 (100) |
| ≥60 years (n = 201) | 165/299 (55.2) | 15/27 (55.6) | 23/37 (62.2) | 9/13 (69.2) | 0/1 |
| ICU admission | 42/299 (14) | 4/14 (28.6) | 4/35 (11.4) | °10/13 (76.9) | †1/1 (10 |
| Death rate | 32/299 (10.7) | 3/14 (21.4) | 4/35 (11.4) | °10/13 (76.9) | ■1/1 (100) |
Data are expressed as total number (%) of COVID‐19 patients negative to anti‐IFN‐I BAB or positive to anti‐IFN‐α or ‐β BAB and NAB.
^Anti‐IFN‐α NAB were detected against IFN‐α2 subtype and multiple IFN‐α subtypes contained in the natural IFN‐α preparation (IFN‐αn1, Wellferon Glaxo Wellcome, Beckenham, United Kingdom). Statistical analysis was performed using Yates Chi‐square.
* p < 0.0001 for anti‐IFN‐α BAB of male patients versus anti‐IFN‐α BAB of female patients.
** p = 0.02 for anti‐IFN‐β BAB of male patients versus anti‐IFN‐β BAB of female patients.
*** p = 0.0017 for anti‐IFN‐α NAB of male patients versus anti‐IFN‐α NAB of female patients.
° p < 0.0001 for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death rate of anti‐IFN‐α NAB positive patients versus anti‐IFN‐α BAB positive and negative ones.
† p = 0.0424 for ICU of anti‐IFN‐β NAB positive patients versus anti‐IFN‐β BAB positive and negative ones.
■ p = 0.0175 for death rate of anti‐IFN‐β NAB positive patients versus anti‐IFN‐β BAB positive and negative ones. ΔData are available for 357 out of 360 COVID‐19 patients.