TABLE 2.

Multivariable logistic regression models for the association between the COVID‐19 pandemic and postpartum depression symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score ≥13)

	OR	95% CI	P value
COVID−19 pandemic a	3.60	1.06–12.59	0.040
Maternal age at delivery <25 years	0.77	0.15–2.99	0.724
High maternal education b	0.79	0.25–2.34	0.678
History of affective disorder c	4.83	0.81–26.81	0.069
Primiparous	0.46	0.16–1.26	0.129
Multiple pregnancy	0.64	0.13–2.41	0.543
Adverse pregnancy outcome d	0.28	0.05–1.15	0.109
Cesarean section	1.52	0.49–5.26	0.486
Apgar score <5 at 5 min	0.82	0.13–4.21	0.822
Breastfeeding at NICU discharge	0.69	0.24–1.98	0.496

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID‐10, coronavirus disease 2019; NICU, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; OR, odds ratio.

^a COVID‐19 pandemic period: from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021.

^b High maternal education: university or college.

^c Affective disorder: generalized anxiety disorder, depression, or bipolar disorder.

^d Adverse pregnancy outcome: pre‐eclampsia and/or gestational diabetes mellitus.