Table 2.

Summary of analyses of the 2011 and 2020 samples.

	2011 Sample	2020 Sample
Definition of politics	– Narrowly in the sense of party politics and elections.	– Narrowly in the sense of party politics and elections.
Election engagement	– Elections were not competitive. Many youth did not get a chance to vote so paid little attention to electoral information.	– The increased competitiveness in local elections forced youth to pay temporary attention to electoral information but turned off those who are conflict-avoidant.
Community engagement	– Those who were disinterested in politics were (sometime non-voluntarily) engaged in volunteering.	– The denials of engaging in politics signaled the desire to be non-partisan and non-confrontational rather than being apathetic or inactive.
Psychological barriers to engagement	– The positive feeling of satisfaction and contentment of the status quo. – Being fearful of state surveillance and repercussions.	– The positive feeling of satisfaction and contentment of the status quo – Being worried about public scrutiny and criticism. – The increased complexity of politics left youth feeling confused and frustrated.
The role of new media	– Youth turned to “radical” sources for fun. – New media were the only information sources to hear about anti-government voices. – Political debates were done by a vocal minority on the Internet.	– Youth turned to “neutral” and “light” sources for fun. – Social media became the default mainstream to obtain information from both the establishment and their critics. – Social media supported a regularization of political discussions among ordinary Internet users.
Prospective for engagement	– More ready to participate in smaller scale issues that are relevant to their own lives, than making system-level changes.	– More ready to participate in smaller scale issues that are relevant to their own lives, than making system-level changes. – Hope for the system to remove restrictions and create channels that cater to their habits.