Table 1.
Characteristics of patients at baselinea
| Variables | Total (N = 1644) |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 60 [49–68] |
| Sex | |
| Female | 254 (15.5) |
| Male | 1390 (84.6) |
| Comorbidities | 1135 (72.6) |
| Heart disease | 420 (25.5) |
| Location of cardiac arrest | |
| Home | 654 (39.9) |
| Public place | 290 (17.7) |
| Street | 232 (14.2) |
| Ambulanceb | 183 (11.2) |
| Workplace | 179 (10.9) |
| Others | 101 (6.2) |
| Initial cardiac rhythm at the scene | |
| Shockable rhythm | 1130 (69.4) |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 368 (22.6) |
| Asystole | 130 (8.0) |
| Witnessed cardiac arrest | 1289 (78.7) |
| Bystander CPR | 945 (58.2) |
| Prehospital intervention | |
| Defibrillation | 1057 (64.9) |
| Epinephrine administration | 559 (34.5) |
| Airway management | |
| No device (bag-mask ventilation) | 834 (53.6) |
| Advanced airway (supraglottic airway) | 556 (35.7) |
| Advanced airway (endotracheal tube) | 166 (10.7) |
| ROSC before hospital arrival | 151 (9.3) |
| Initial cardiac rhythm on hospital arrival | |
| Shockable rhythm | 809 (49.4) |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 498 (30.4) |
| Asystole | 332 (20.3) |
| Cardiac rhythm at ECMO initiation | |
| Shockable rhythm | 854 (52.4) |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 521 (32.0) |
| Asystole | 254 (15.6) |
| Time course, minutes | |
| Time from call ambulance to arrivalc | 32 [26–39] |
| Time from arrival to ECMOd | 22 [15–32] |
| Time from call ambulance to ECMOe | 56 [47–68] |
| Estimated low flow timef | 55 [45–66] |
| ROSC after hospital arrival | 1294 (79.0) |
| Before ECMO pump on | 228 (17.6) |
| After ECMO pump on | 1064 (82.4) |
| Emergency coronary angiography | 1282 (78.0) |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 755 (47.5) |
| Intra-aortic balloon pumping | 1060 (64.6) |
| Cause of cardiac arrest | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 970 (59.0) |
| Arrhythmia | 232 (14.1) |
| Myocarditis | 19 (1.2) |
| Myopathy | 96 (5.8) |
| Other cardiac causes | 103 (6.3) |
| Other non-cardiac causes | 47 (2.9) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 59 (3.6) |
| Unknown | 117 (7.1) |
| Cause of death at hospital | |
| Cardiac arrest as primary cause | 1048 (92.0) |
| Complications | 66 (5.8) |
| Comorbidities | 6 (0.5) |
| Others | 19 (1.7) |
aData are presented as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables and as N (percentage) for categorical variables
CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation
bPatients who developed cardiac arrest after emergency medical staff (EMS) arrival with the presence of spontaneous circulation on initial EMS evaluation
cCall ambulance to arrival time is time from emergency medical services call to hospital arrival time
dArrival to ECMO time is time from hospital arrival to establishment of ECMO support
eCall ambulance to ECMO time is time from emergency medical services call to establishment of ECMO support
fEstimated low flow time was defined as the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest was other than ambulance
Missing data: age = 0, sex = 0, comorbidities = 80, location of cardiac arrest = 5, initial cardiac rhythm at the scene = 16, witnessed cardiac arrest = 6, bystander CPR = 21, defibrillation = 15, epinephrine administration = 23, airway management = 88, ROSC before hospital arrival = 26, initial rhythm on hospital arrival = 5, cardiac rhythm before ECMO initiation = 15, time from call ambulance to arrival = 26, time from arrival to ECMO = 69, time from call ambulance to ECMO = 91, estimated low flow time = 91, ROSC after hospital arrival = 7, time of ROSC = 2, emergency coronary angiography = 1, percutaneous coronary intervention = 55, intra-aortic balloon pumping = 3, cause of cardiac arrest = 1, cause of death at hospital = 58