Table 3.
Postoperative pain scores (with movement): Difference between TIVA and GAS group
| n | POD 1 | POD 2 | POD 3 | Group (GAS as reference) (Between-group comparison) β (95% CI of β) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (unadjusted) | -0.90 (-1.10 to -0.70) | < 0.001 | ||||
| TIVA | 1310 | 4.85 ± 2.43 | 4.19 ± 2.19 | 3.93 ± 2.11 | ||
| GAS | 2819 | 5.58 ± 2.42 | 4.78 ± 2.25 | 4.34 ± 2.16 | ||
| #Adjusted pain difference | ||||||
| Overall | -0.89 (-1.10 to -0.69) | < 0.001 | ||||
| TIVA | 1310 | 4.85 ± 2.43 | 4.19 ± 2.19 | 3.93 ± 2.11 | ||
| GAS | 2819 | 5.58 ± 2.42 | 4.78 ± 2.25 | 4.34 ± 2.16 | ||
| Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic | -1.43 (-1.84 to -1.01) | < 0.001 | ||||
| TIVA | 268 | 4.67 ± 2.17 | 4.28 ± 2.02 | 3.98 ± 1.97 | ||
| GAS | 870 | 5.81 ± 2.36 | 4.94 ± 2.23 | 4.38 ± 2.14 | ||
| Colorectal | 0.02 (-0.62 to 0.66) | 0.958 | ||||
| TIVA | 123 | 5.39 ± 2.47 | 4.20 ± 2.14 | 3.74 ± 1.86 | ||
| GAS | 531 | 5.47 ± 2.47 | 4.58 ± 2.27 | 4.12 ± 2.12 | ||
| Gynaecological | -0.35 (-0.86 to 0.16) | 0.182 | ||||
| TIVA | 239 | 5.39 ± 2.40 | 4.49 ± 2.15 | 4.41 ± 2.11 | ||
| GAS | 350 | 5.53 ± 2.22 | 4.55 ± 2.03 | 4.45 ± 1.99 | ||
| Limb | -0.36 (-1.07 to 0.35) | 0.316 | ||||
| TIVA | 132 | 4.82 ± 2.41 | 4.22 ± 2.13 | 3.96 ± 2.03 | ||
| GAS | 240 | 5.41 ± 2.58 | 4.89 ± 2.47 | 4.61 ± 2.37 | ||
| Head and Neck | 0.12 (-0.64 to 0.88) | 0.755 | ||||
| TIVA | 192 | 4.54 ± 2.36 | 3.77 ± 2.20 | 3.54 ± 2.10 | ||
| GAS | 114 | 4.47 ± 2.60 | 3.80 ± 2.31 | 3.68 ± 2.46 | ||
| Urology | -1.11 (-1.88 to -0.34) | 0.005 | ||||
| TIVA | 87 | 4.91 ± 2.61 | 4.15 ± 2.31 | 4.01 ± 2.30 | ||
| GAS | 183 | 5.62 ± 2.26 | 4.67 ± 2.07 | 4.25 ± 2.11 | ||
| Spine | -0.34 (-1.22 to 0.55) | 0.456 | ||||
| TIVA | 68 | 5.32 ± 2.63 | 5.04 ± 2.61 | 4.66 ± 2.36 | ||
| GAS | 156 | 5.83 ± 2.59 | 5.31 ± 2.40 | 4.81 ± 2.13 | ||
| Upper gastrointestinal | -1.57 (-2.38 to -0.76) | < 0.001 | ||||
| TIVA | 125 | 4.36 ± 2.44 | 3.95 ± 2.11 | 3.56 ± 2.05 | ||
| GAS | 108 | 5.48 ± 2.25 | 4.86 ± 2.19 | 4.27 ± 2.13 | ||
| Abdomen-Others | 0.62 (-2.67 to 3.90) | 0.713 | ||||
| TIVA | 6 | 6.50 ± 3.33 | 4.17 ± 2.64 | 4.17 ± 2.40 | ||
| GAS | 151 | 5.95 ± 2.34 | 5.24 ± 2.09 | 4.36 ± 2.07 | ||
| Breast | -0.75 (-2.31 to 0.82) | 0.351 | ||||
| TIVA | 27 | 3.19 ± 2.30 | 3.00 ± 2.24 | 2.89 ± 2.08 | ||
| GAS | 27 | 3.85 ± 2.51 | 3.81 ± 2.25 | 3.63 ± 2.27 | ||
TIVA indicates total intravenous anaesthesia; GAS, inhalational anaesthesia; POD, postoperative day; mg, milli-grams; β, coefficient estimates; **significantly different at the 0.05 level
#Analysis is adjusted by patient characteristics (time, age, gender, body weight, ASA, Postoperative ventilation, Chronic opioid/sedative user),
Intraoperative analgesics (Remifentanil (mcg), Fentanyl (mcg), Morphine (mg), Dexmedetomidine (mcg), Ketamine (mg), Had used NSAIDs or paracetamol),
Postoperative analgesics (Tramadol, NSAID, Paracetamol, Dihydrocodeine)
+ Type of surgical procedures: Trauma, Plastic and reconstructive, Vascular, Endocrine, Oral and Maxillofacial were not analysed separately due to the small sample size issue