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. 2022 May 10;44(4):485–507. doi: 10.1007/s00281-022-00936-6

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Fig. 1 — Potential induction of PBC by E. coli or N. aromaticivorans by molecular mimicry. E. coli or N. aromaticivorans are recognized and phagocytized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs present bacterial antigens with structural similarity to PDC-E2 to T cells by MHC-I and MHC-II. Autoreactive CD4 + T cells induce the production of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), which with autoreactive CD8 + T cells lead to a breach of cholangiocyte tolerance and nonpurulent bile duct destruction