Table 4.

Overview of taxonomic alterations in case–control studies on the bile microbiota in PSC

Reference	Study population	Biological source	Sequencing technique	Enriched in PSC	Depleted in PSC
Tyc et al., 2020 [121]	5 PSC; 6 cholestatic controls without cholangitis*; 5 cholangitis patients*	Ductal bile	16S, V3–V4	Phylum: Proteobacteria	Phylum: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria
Liwinski et al., 2020 [124]	43 PSC, 22 cholestatic controls*	Ductal bile	16S, V1–V2	Phylum: Proteobacteria Genus level: Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria, Enhydrobacter, Prevotella, Lawsonella, Sphingomonas, Cutibacterium Species level: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Prevotella pallens, Veillonella dispar	Genus level: Collinsella, Clostridium Species level: Gemella sanguinis, Streprococcus gordonii
Pereira et al., 2017 [123]	80 PSC (37 with early disease, 32 with advanced disease, and 11 with biliary dysplasia); 46 cholestatic controls*	Ductal bile	16S, V1–V3	Early-stage PSC vs controls: an unclassified Clostridiales, Otu00188, unclassified Neisseriaceae Otu00213) and one family, Staphylococcaceae Early stage PS.C vs advanced stage: genus Streptococcus and several Streptococcus OTUs	PSC with biliary dysplasia vs other: Prevotella OTU

PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis.