Table 1.
Clinical signs, symptoms, and co‐morbidities as predictors of early (28 day) vs. late mortality
| Early mortality | Late mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) a | P‐value | OR (95% CI) a | P‐value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.001 |
| Age >65 years | 6.58 (3.57–12.15) | <0.001 | 5.47 (2.24–13.37) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 0.419 | 0.79 (0.41–1.52) | 0.477 |
| Symptoms and signs at presentation | ||||
| T > 38°C or T < 36°C | 1.11 (0.69–1.80) | 0.664 | 1.15 (0.55–2.42) | 0.709 |
| Cough | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) | 0.300 | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | 0.456 |
| Sputum | 0.65 (0.38–1.11) | 0.113 | 0.85 (0.39–1.86) | 0.679 |
| Shortness of breath | 1.56 (1.003–2.42) | 0.049 | 0.73 (0.38–1.40) | 0.343 |
| Haemoptysis b | — | — | 0.74 (0.09–5.92) | 0.774 |
| Rhinorrhoea | 0.37 (0.08–1.66) | 0.196 | 1.15 (0.25–5.30) | 0.856 |
| Pharyngitis b | — | — | 0.41 (0.09–1.77) | 0.231 |
| Myalgia | 0.37 (0.19–0.73) | 0.004 | 0.36 (0.13–1.05) | 0.062 |
| Arthralgia b | — | — | 0.93 (0.11–7.62) | 0.945 |
| Fatigue | 1.01 (0.66–1.54) | 0.972 | 0.93 (0.47–1.82) | 0.826 |
| Headache b | 0.60 (0.27–1.32) | 0.202 | — | — |
| Confusion | 2.68 (1.71–4.20) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.33–5.40) | 0.006 |
| Anosmia | 0.53 (0.18–1.59) | 0.259 | 0.77 (0.17–3.44) | 0.734 |
| Abdominal pain | 0.69 (0.35–1.39) | 0.301 | 0.72 (0.24–2.12) | 0.546 |
| Diarrhoea | 0.62 (0.34–1.11) | 0.109 | 0.66 (0.27–1.63) | 0.368 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.438 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.347 |
| Heart rate >90 b.p.m. | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 0.573 | 0.52 (0.26–1.05) | 0.069 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.778 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.832 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.291 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.073 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.966 |
| RR > 20 (breaths per minute) | 2.07 (1.34–3.19) | 0.001 | 1.08 (0.56–2.11) | 0.811 |
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 92%) | 2.22 (1.45–3.42) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.62–2.31) | 0.598 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.674 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.386 |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||
| Active cancer | 1.60 (0.88–2.91) | 0.122 | 3.36 (1.49–7.58) | 0.004 |
| Asthma | 0.61 (0.30–1.26) | 0.184 | 0.50 (0.15–1.69) | 0.265 |
| COPD | 1.07 (0.61–1.90) | 0.806 | 2.04 (0.93–4.47) | 0.074 |
| Other ILD | 1.29 (0.52–3.20) | 0.590 | 1.07 (0.24–4.90) | 0.927 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) | 0.332 | 2.84 (1.41–5.73) | 0.004 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.93 (1.72–4.99) | <0.001 | 1.90 (0.78–4.66) | 0.160 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.00 (1.26–3.16) | 0.003 | 1.71 (0.82–3.55) | 0.149 |
| DM diet‐controlled | 1.47 (0.76–2.82) | 0.253 | 0.79 (0.23–2.72) | 0.708 |
| DM tabs‐controlled | 1.11 (0.58–2.14) | 0.747 | 1.53 (0.60–3.93) | 0.375 |
| DM insulin | 1.12 (0.48–2.61) | 0.788 | 0.78 (0.17–3.47) | 0.741 |
| Hypertension | 2.14 (1.41–3.27) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.61–2.32) | 0.619 |
| Liver disease | 0.29 (0.07–1.28) | 0.103 | 1.44 (0.40–5.17) | 0.576 |
| Dementia | 2.60 (1.60–4.24) | <0.001 | 6.52 (3.19–13.33) | <0.001 |
| Adapted WHO ordinal scale at admission | 0.64 (0.49–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | 0.800 |
| Adapted WHO ordinal scale at discharge | — | — | 0.89 (0.58–1.38) | 0.606 |
b.p.m., beats per minute; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ILD, interstitial lung disease; mmHg, millimetres of mercury; OR, odds ratio; RR, respiratory rate; T, temperature; WHO, World Health Organization. Values in bold denote statistically significant results.
Odds ratios are derived from binary logistic regression with early or late mortality as the dependent variable, and per 1‐unit increase for continuous variables, or vs. the reference category for categorical variables, as the independent variable.
OR not calculated because of zero occurrences in one of the groups.