Table 3.
Association of disease features with early (28 day) and late mortality adjusted for age and sex
| Early mortality | Late mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) a | P‐value | OR (95% CI) a | P‐value | |
| Symptoms and signs at presentation | ||||
| Shortness of breath | 2.30 (1.40–3.76) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.46–1.85) | 0.819 |
| Myalgia | 0.74 (0.35–1.55) | 0.425 | 0.80 (0.25–2.52) | 0.702 |
| Confusion | 1.30 (0.78–2.14) | 0.314 | 1.30 (0.60–2.81) | 0.506 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 1.09 (1.04–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.716 |
| RR > 20 (breaths per minute) | 2.53 (1.57–4.09) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.61–2.46) | 0.562 |
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 92%) | 2.67 (1.65–4.30) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.66–2.62) | 0.444 |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||
| Active cancer | 1.48 (0.78–2.82) | 0.231 | 3.15 (1.33–7.47) | 0.009 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.460 | 1.84 (0.89–3.83) | 0.102 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.07 (1.18–3.65) | 0.011 | 1.26 (0.50–3.20) | 0.624 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.05 (0.64–1.74) | 0.844 | 1.01 (0.47–2.18) | 0.976 |
| Hypertension | 1.40 (0.89–2.21) | 0.149 | 0.73 (0.36–1.49) | 0.393 |
| Dementia | 1.12 (0.65–1.94) | 0.671 | 2.94 (1.30–6.65) | 0.010 |
| Adapted WHO ordinal scale at admission | 0.49 (0.36–0.67) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | 0.661 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 0.997 (0.987–1.008) | 0.608 | 0.975 (0.959–0.991) | 0.003 |
| WBCs < 4 or WBCs > 12 (× 109/L) | 1.97 (1.15–3.34) | 0.013 | 1.21 (0.51–2.90) | 0.661 |
| Neutrophils (× 109/L) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 0.068 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 0.026 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.972 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.989 (0.979–0.998) | 0.020 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.674 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | 0.075 | 1.006 (1.002–1.011) | 0.005 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.005 (1.003–1.008) | <0.001 | 0.999 (0.996–1.004) | 0.807 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.011 | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 0.017 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.025 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.343 |
| Risk scores | ||||
| Clinical Frailty Scale | 1.26 (1.10–1.46) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.52–2.54) | <0.001 |
| 4C mortality score | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) | 0.066 |
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio; RR, respiratory rate; WBCs, white blood cells; WHO, World Health Organization. Values in bold denote statistically significant results.
a
Odds ratios are derived from multivariable logistic regression with early or late mortality as the dependent variable, and per 1‐unit increase for continuous variables, or vs. the reference category for categorical variables, plus age and sex as independent variables.