Figure 2.

Patients with COVID‐19 exhibit endothelial dysfunction. (A) The plasma concentration levels of VCAM‐1 in patients with COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 control subjects. (B) The plasma concentration levels of E‐selectin in patients with COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 control subjects. (C) The plasma concentration levels of endothelin‐1 in patients with COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 control subjects. (D) The plasma concentration levels of tPA in patients with COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 control subjects. (E) The plasma concentration levels of PAI‐1 in patients with COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 control subjects. All data presented as the mean ± SEM. Differences were tested using unpaired two‐tailed Mann–Whitney test. COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; PAI‐1, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1; tPA, tissue‐type plasminogen activator; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1