Table 2.
Morbidity and Medical Resource Utilization During Hospitalization and Postdischarge
| Influenza | RSV | hMPV | Totala | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRU during hospitalization, No. | 366 | 238 | 100 | 709 |
| Highest clinical setting, No. (%) | ||||
| ICU | 28 (7.7) | 29 (12.2) | 8 (8.0) | 65 (9.2) |
| Inpatient ward | 338 (92.3) | 209 (87.8) | 92 (92.0) | 644 (90.8) |
| P value | .085b | 1.00c | .153d | |
| Mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | 9 (2.5) | 9 (3.8) | 5 (5.0) | 23 (3.2) |
| P value | .463b | .192c | .325d | |
| Concomitant medications | ||||
| Antibiotics | 243 (66.4) | 179 (75.2) | 74 (74.0) | 499 (70.4) |
| P value | .027b | .185c | .048d | |
| Antipyretics or antalgics | 226 (61.7) | 133 (55.9) | 62 (62.0) | 424 (59.8) |
| P value | .177b | 1.00c | .317 d | |
| Bronchodilators | 179 (48.9) | 175 (73.5) | 74 (74.0) | 432 (60.9) |
| P value | <.001 b | <.001c | <.001d | |
| Corticosteroids | 160 (43.7) | 150 (63.0) | 60 (60.0) | 375 (52.9) |
| P value | <.001b | .005c | <.001d | |
| Direct antivirals | 316 (86.3) | 34 (14.3) | 7 (7.0) | 362 (51.1) |
| P value | <.001b | <.001c | <.001d | |
| Supplemental oxygen | 193 (52.7) | 164 (68.9) | 67 (67.0) | 426 (60.1) |
| Mechanical | 6 (1.6) | 6 (2.5) | 4 (4.0) | 16 (2.3) |
| Nasal | 183 (50.0) | 154 (64.7) | 67 (67.0) | 406 (57.3) |
| Other | 19 (5.2) | 19 (8.0) | 1 (1.0) | 39 (5.5) |
| P value (supplemental oxygen) | <.001b | .015c | <.001d | |
| Complications during hospitalization, No. (%) | 145 (39.6) | 101 (42.4) | 45 (45.0) | 294 (41.5) |
| P value | .546b | .392c | .572d | |
| Lower respiratory complicationse,f | 72 (49.7) | 53 (52.5) | 22 (48.9) | 148 (50.3) |
| P value | .760b | 1.00c | .884d | |
| Cardiovascular complicationse,g | 35 (24.1) | 32 (31.7) | 11 (24.4) | 79 (26.9) |
| P value | .245b | 1.00c | .391d | |
| Bacterial superinfectione,h | 56 (38.6) | 37 (36.6) | 21 (46.7) | 115 (39.1) |
| P value | .855b | .431c | .509d | |
| Confusion, No. (%) | 22 (6.0) | 17 (7.1) | 3 (3.0) | 42 (5.9) |
| P value | .701b | .350c | .340d | |
| Deaths during hospitalization, No. (%) | 6 (1.6) | 6 (2.5) | 2 (2.0) | 14 (2.0) |
| MRU postdischarge, No. | 319 | 216 | 91 | 631 |
| Medical consultations, No. (%)i | 235 (73.7) | 175 (81.0) | 85 (93.4) | 499 (79.1) |
| P value | .062b | <.001c | <.001d | |
| Professional home care, No. (%)j | 71 (22.3) | 53 (24.5) | 26 (28.6) | 150 (23.8) |
| P value | .611b | .267c | .447d | |
| Hospital admission postdischarge, No. (%) | 65 (20.4) | 58 (26.9) | 30 (33.0) | 154 (24.4) |
| P value | .101b | .018c | .029d | |
| Institutional care postdischarge, No. (%) | 19 (6.0) | 25 (11.6) | 11 (12.1) | 55 (8.7) |
| P value | .031b | .080c | .038d | |
| Deaths during follow-up | 5 (1.4) | 5 (2.1) | 1 (1.0) | 11 (1.6) |
Abbreviations: hMPV, human metapneumovirus; ICU, intensive care unit; MRU, medical resource utilization; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
Participants with co-infections (between influenza and/or RSV and/or hMPV; n=5) are not displayed in this table but are included in the Total column.
P value based on chi-square test and Fisher exact test (mechanical ventilation) for the pairwise comparison between RSV and influenza participants.
P value based on chi-square test and Fisher exact test (mechanical ventilation) for the pairwise comparison between hMPV and influenza participants.
P value based on chi-square test and Fisher exact test (mechanical ventilation) for differences between influenza, RSV, and hMPV participants.
No. = participants who indicated “yes” for complications during hospitalization.
Lower respiratory complications included respiratory distress, arrest, and failure, empyema, other.
Cardiovascular complications included exacerbation of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, acute coronary events, acute cerebrovascular events.
Bacterial superinfection based on clinical judgment.
Medical consultations is set to “yes” if at least 1 of the following resources was used: general practitioner, internal medicine, pulmonologist, respiratory physiotherapy, or other.
Professional home care is set to “yes” if at least 1 of the following resources was used: general practitioner, nurse, respiratory physiotherapy, or other.