Extended Data Fig. 10. Revised model for C. sporogenes Stickland metabolism and its contribution to gut bacterial derived metabolites in the gut.

Oxidative pathways yield ATP directly via substrate level phosphorylation, whereas reductive pathways generate reduced ferredoxin via flavin-based electron bifurcation contributing to a proton (or sodium ion) motive force via the Rnf complex. Protons or sodium ions translocated by the Rnf complex re-enter the cell via the membrane bound ATP synthase, resulting in the synthesis of ATP. The membrane gradient may also contribute to other physiological processes such as membrane transport and chemotaxis (not shown).