. 2018 Nov 13;8(66):38022–38035. doi: 10.1039/c8ra06794e

Evaluation of the non-normalised and SG-normalised urinary elemental data for the individual samples of this study and comparison with (non-normalised) literature data^a.

		Na, μg ml⁻¹	Mg, μg ml⁻¹	K, μg ml⁻¹	Ca, μg ml⁻¹	Co, ng ml⁻¹	Cu, ng ml⁻¹	Zn, ng ml⁻¹	As, ng ml⁻¹	Rb, ng ml⁻¹	Sr, ng ml⁻¹	Mo, ng ml⁻¹	Pb, ng ml⁻¹
Raw element concentrations
This study	Mean	2357	78	2760	114	0.42	8.67	305	33.3	1390	123	38.0	0.50
This study	Geom. mean	1928	57	2244	74	0.22	7.15	175	12.7	1119	92	28.0	0.42
This study	Median	2104	71	2569	76	0.20	7.20	184	12.5	1266	97	28.9	0.45
This study	95P	5078	191	6780	309	1.95	18.90	1424	206.5	3366	311	121.5	1.09
This study	SD	1334	55	1811	98	0.58	5.47	392	58.8	890	93	31.1	0.28
This study	CV (%)	57	70	66	86	138	63	129	176	64	76	82	57

SG-normalised element concentrations
This study	Mean	3474	105	4052	151	0.54	11.4	341	44.4	1907	162	53.1	0.67
This study	Geom. mean	2971	87	3437	114	0.35	11.0	267	14.9	1724	142	43.2	0.64
This study	Median	3364	107	3302	139	0.25	10.6	286	11.6	1688	149	46.5	0.63
This study	95P	6891	185	8322	296	1.88	16.6	804	165.6	3503	296	117.1	1.12
This study	SD	1761	53	2397	89	0.59	3.0	263	78.1	884	77	32.2	0.21
This study	CV (%)	51	50	59	59	108	26	77	176	46	48	61	32

Literature data (un-normalised element concentrations)
UK^c^,^d	Ref. ranges^b	460–6300	30–260	590–6350	50–380
Germany²⁶	Mean					0.387	9	269	34	1204	166	38	0.8
Germany²⁶	Geom. mean					0.18	8	207	13	1071	132	26	0.5
UK²⁹	Median					0.22	8.75	180	10.48	1090	80	29.13	0.47
Belgium²⁹	Median					0.184	8.18	256	2.17			31.3	0.872
UK²⁹	95P					1.04	19.33	730	152.4	2700	350	107.3	7.63
Germany²⁶	95P					1.53	13	692	143	2424	444	94	2.1
Belgium³⁸	97.5P					1.281	23.9	1432	13.2			135	3.45
Canada³⁷	95P						25	1100	27			170	1.9

95P = 95th percentile; SD = standard deviation; CV (%) = 100× (SD/x̄) where x̄ denotes the mean.

Reference ranges calculated from reference values for 24 hour urine collection assuming excretion of 0.8 to 2.0 l of urine per day.

Additional data source: S. Fuggle, Clinical biochemistry reference range handbook, East Sussex Healthcare, NHS Trust. 2018, 1.7, 1-17.

Additional data source: Clinical biochemistry handbook, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust. 2017.

Evaluation of the non-normalised and SG-normalised urinary elemental data for the individual samples of this study and comparison with (non-normalised) literature dataa.