Table 1. Studies Included in the Scoping Review and the Biomarkers Assessed.
TNFa: tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-1b: interleukin 1 beta; IL-1RA: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-10: interleukin 10; TNF-R1: tumour necrosis factor receptor 1; TNF-R2: tumour necrosis factor receptor 2; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecules 1; ALCAM: activated leukocyte adhesion molecule; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; Tim-3: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain 3; OPN: osteopontin; CRP: C-reactive protein; SAA: serum amyloid A; TM: thrombomodulin; FVIII: factor eight; beta-TG: beta-thromboglobulin; vWF: von Willebrand factor; t-PA: tissue plasminogen activator; FXIII A subunit: factor thirteen A subunit; ADAMTS13Ac: activity of disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP-3: insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; NT-proBNP: N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide; MRproANP: midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; H- and B-FABP: heart and brain type fatty acid-binding protein; tHy: total homocysteine; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; MBP: myelin-basic protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GELS: gelsolin; DRP2: dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2; CNS: central nervous system; CYTA: cystatin A; NfL: neurofilament light chain; DDK-1: Dicckopf-1
| Author | Year | Stroke Type | Serum Biomarker Assessed | |
| Biomarkers of Inflammation | ||||
| Christensen et al. [27] | 2002 | Ischaemic | TNFa IL-1b IL-1RA IL-6 IL-10 TNF-R1 TNF-R2 | |
| Smith et al. [28] | 2004 | Ischaemic | IL-6 | |
| Sotgiu et al. [29] | 2006 | Ischaemic | TNFa ICAM-1 IL-6 | |
| Welsh et al. [30] | 2009 | Ischaemic | IL-6 | |
| Smedbakken et al. [31] | 2011 | Ischaemic | ALCAM | |
| Tsai et al. [32] | 2014 | Ischaemic | TBARS | |
| Xu et al. [33] | 2018 | Haemorrhagic | Tim-3 | |
| Li et al. [34] | 2020 | Haemorrhagic | OPN | |
| Acute Phase Reactants | ||||
| Di Napoli et al. [35] | 2001 | Ischaemic | CRP | |
| Christensen et al. [27] | 2002 | Ischaemic | Ferritin | |
| Montaner et al. [36] | 2006 | Ischaemic | CRP | |
| den Hertog et al. [37] | 2009 | Ischaemic | CRP | |
| Welsh et al. [30] | 2009 | Ischaemic | CRP | |
| Huangfu et al. [38] | 2020 | Haemorrhagic | SAA | |
| Biomarkers of Haemostasis | ||||
| Di Napoli et al. [35] | 2001 | Ischaemic | Fibrinogen | |
| Nomura et al. [39] | 2004 | Ischaemic | TM | |
| Jauch et al. [40] | 2006 | Ischaemic | TM | |
| Carter et al. [41] | 2007 | Ischaemic | Fibrinogen FVIII beta-TG vWF t-PA FXIII A subunit | |
| Welsh et al. [30] | 2009 | Ischaemic | d-dimer | |
| Taylor et al. [42] | 2020 | Ischaemic | vWF:Ag-ADAMTS13Ac ratio | |
| Nuclear Material | ||||
| Rainer et al. [43] | 2003 | All | Plasma DNA | |
| Liang et al. [44] | 2019 | Ischaemic | microRNA-140-5p | |
| Zuo et al. [45] | 2020 | Ischaemic | circFUNDC1 circPDS5B circCDC14A | |
| Creatinine | ||||
| Carter et al. [41] | 2007 | Ischaemic | Creatinine | |
| Hormones | ||||
| Denti et al. [46] | 2004 | Ischaemic | IGF-1 | |
| Zweifel et al. [47] | 2011 | Haemorrhagic | GH | |
| Wang et al. [48] | 2016 | Ischaemic | Copeptin | |
| Armbrust et al. [49] | 2017 | Ischaemic | IGF-1 IGFBP-3 | |
| Yang et al. [50] | 2017 | Ischaemic | NT-proBNP | |
| De Marchis et al. [51] | 2018 | Ischaemic | MRproANP | |
| Tu et al. [52] | 2018 | Ischaemic | Irisin | |
| Arnold et al. [53] | 2020 | Ischaemic | MRproANP | |
| Amino Acids, Proteins and Enzymes | ||||
| Alvarez-Sabin et al. [54] | 2004 | Haemorrhagic | MMP-3 | |
| Wunderlich et al. [55] | 2005 | Ischaemic | H-FABP B-FABP | |
| Sotgiu et al. [29] | 2006 | Ischaemic | MMP | |
| Carter et al. [41] | 2007 | Ischaemic | Albumin Haemoglobin | |
| Yan et al. [56] | 2016 | Haemorrhagic | Galectin-3 | |
| Zhong et al. [57] | 2017 | Ischaemic | tHy | |
| Zhong et al. [58] | 2017 | Ischaemic | MMP-9 | |
| Zeng et al. [59] | 2019 | Ischaemic | Galectin-3 | |
| Qian et al. [60] | 2020 | Ischaemic | Endostatin | |
| Zhang et al. [61] | 2020 | Ischaemic | Endostatin | |
| CNS-Specific Biomarkers | ||||
| Abraha et al. [62] | 1997 | All | S100B | |
| Wunderlich et al. [63] | 2006 | Ischaemic | NSE Tau protein | |
| Jauch et al. [40] | 2006 | Ischaemic | S100B NSE MBP | |
| Delgado et al. [64] | 2006 | Haemorrhagic | S100B | |
| Sotgiu et al. [29] | 2006 | Ischaemic | BDNF | |
| García-Berrocoso et al. [65] | 2013 | Ischaemic | GELS DRP2 GELS/DRP2 GELS/DRP2/CYTA | |
| Tiedt et al. [66] | 2018 | Ischaemic | NfL | |
| Zhu et al. [67] | 2019 | Ischaemic | DDK-1 | |