Fig. 12. A three-layered TFC membrane (the hydrophilic coating can be prepared by cast coating, cross linking, or interfacial polymerization (IP)) with a hydrophilic coating layer, a fibrous (TFNC/ENM) substrate, and a nonwoven substrate. The layers have average thicknesses of 0.2, 40, and 130 μm, respectively. Reproduced with permission from ref. 39. Copyright 2005, the American Chemical Society.
