Buprenorphine plasma concentrations (Cp) in opioid-naive volunteers receiving low- or high-dose buprenorphine targeting a plasma concentration of 0.2 or 0.5 ng/mL, respectively (A) and individuals with chronic opioid use receiving low-, medium-, or high-dose buprenorphine targeting a plasma concentration of 1, 2, or 5 ng/mL, respectively (B). Fentanyl plasma concentrations (Cp) in opioid-naive volunteers (C) and individuals with chronic opioid use (D) receiving multiple doses of fentanyl across treatment groups (opioid-naive: 0.075, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 mg/70 kg; chronic opioid use: 0.25, 0.35, 0.50, and 0.70 mg/70 kg).