Table 3.
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in the overall sample of patients hospitalised with suspected or confirmed COVID-19
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|
| HIV status | ||
| HIV-negative (ref) | .. | .. |
| HIV positive | 1·38 (1·34–1·41) | <0·0001 |
| Sex | ||
| Female (ref) | .. | .. |
| Male | 1·07 (1·05–1·09) | <0·0001 |
| Age group, years | ||
| ≤18 years (ref) | .. | .. |
| >18–45 | 2·50 (2·28–2·74) | <0·0001 |
| >45–65 | 5·04 (4·32–5·89) | <0·0001 |
| >65–75 | 7·94 (6·72–9·37) | <0·0001 |
| >75 years | 10·06 (8·36–12·10) | <0·0001 |
| Severity at admission | ||
| Mild or moderate (ref) | .. | .. |
| Severe or critical | 1·37 (1·32–1·42) | <0·0001 |
| Tuberculosis | ||
| None (ref) | .. | .. |
| Tuberculosis | 1·10 (1·04–1·16) | 0·003 |
| Diabetes | ||
| None (ref) | .. | .. |
| Diabetes | 1·39 (1·36–1·43) | <0·0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | ||
| None (ref) | .. | .. |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1·03 (1·01–1·05) | 0·02 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||
| None (ref) | .. | .. |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1·58 (1·56–1·61) | <0·0001 |
| Malignant neoplasms | ||
| None (ref) | .. | .. |
| Malignant neoplasms | 1·14 (1·09–1·20) | <0·0001 |
Covariates that did not pass covariate selection criteria and not included in the full model: asplenia, asthma, chronic cardiac, liver and neurological diseases, smoking, hypertension, obesity, antiretroviral therapy, and steroid use.