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. 2022 May 3;11(1):1250–1261. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065937

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Dynamics of influenza A virus infection of four naïve mallards each exposed to artificially pool water containing 10², 10³ or 10⁴ TCID₅₀ L⁻¹ of HPAIV H5N8. (1) Qualitative results; percentage of mallards excreting viral RNA orally, cloacally, and of RNA adhering to the breast plumage (percentage RT-qPCRs-positive mallards per group) are shown. (2) Quantitative results of viral RNA excretion compared between exposure groups 10² (open circle), 10³ (filled circle), and 10⁴ (open triangle) in (a) oral, (b) cloacal and (c) plumage swabs.