Fig. 4.

β-OHB altered glycolysis in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. a–f Representative western blot of enzymes involved in myocardial glycolysis in CMs cultured with β-OHB at 0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, or 50 mM under normoxia or hypoxia. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6 in each group); g immunofluorescence imaging showing GLUT1 expression in cardiomyocytes cultured with β-OHB (0 or 10 mM) under normoxia or hypoxia. Scale bar, 25 μm, h qPCR of enzymes involved in myocardial glycolysis in CMs cultured with β-OHB (0 or 10 mM) under normoxia or hypoxia (n = 3 in each group); i–k qPCR of Slc2a1, Hk2, and Pkm1 in CMs cultured with β-OHB (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50 mM) under normoxia or hypoxia (n = 3 in each group), * vs. vehicle in normoxia, ^# vs. vehicle in hypoxia; l glucose in the culture media which cardiac myocytes cultured with β-OHB at different concentrations under normoxia or hypoxia. Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ^#P < 0.05