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. 2022 May 10;13:2545. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30227-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Black color denotes TBI patients and white color denotes reference patients. The TBI patients were from all three severity groups (mild, moderate, severe) and the reference patients were from three injury types: internal medicine, orthopedic, and neurological (blue box). The main analysis for severity discrimination was on patients for whom GCS scores were available (sub-cohort 1, yellow box) at baseline evaluation and the main analysis for outcome discrimination was on patients that had GOSe available (sub-cohort 2, green box). Most patients belong in both sub-cohorts. For the TBI-reference patient discrimination analysis data from sub-cohort 1 and the control patients were analyzed (yellow box plus blue box). Further sub-populations were examined from sub-cohorts 1 and 2, based on availability of more refined data (extra-cranial injury, propofol administration, protein biomarkers, and variables necessary for the evaluation of the CRASH model). For the full TBI cohort associations between the metabolomic/lipid levels and CT findings were made. Abbreviations: Neuro, patients with acute stroke or other neurological conditions; Internal, acute internal medicine illnesses (e.g., infections, cardiac symptoms, GI-symptoms) (Internal); Ortho, patients with acute orthopedic or other non-brain traumas; mTBI, mild TBI.