Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Author | Sample size | Timing of COVID-19 | Country | Continent | Target population | Sample age (mean) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies included in the meta-analysis for gender and COVID-19 related fear | ||||||
| Nguyen et al., 2020 | 5423 | 4 | Vietnam | Asia | University students | 22.00 |
| Sakib et al., 2020 | 8550 | 4 | Bangladesh | Asia | General population | 25.50 |
| Doshi et al., 2020 | 1499 | 4 | India | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Pérez-Fuentes et al., 2020 | 772 | 4.5 | Cuba | North America | General population | 36.00 |
| García-Reyna et al., 2020 | 2860 | N.A. | Mexico | North America | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Tsipropoulou et al., 2020 | 2970 | N.A. | Greece | Europe | General population | N.A. |
| Hossain et al., 2020 | 2157 | 3.5 | Bangladesh | Asia | General population | 33.48 |
| Haktanir et al., 2020 | 668 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | General population | 31.04 |
| Bakioğlu et al., 2020 | 960 | 3.5 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 29.74 |
| Abdelgwad and Abdelaziz, 2021 | 382 | N.A. | Egypt | Middle East | University students | 21.93 |
| Aksoy et al., 2021 | 1060 | 7.5 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 29.76 |
| Alnazly et al., 2021 | 365 | 8 | Jordan | Middle East | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Alothman et al., 2021 | 554 | 5.5 | Saudi Arabia | Middle East | General population | 34.5 |
| Antonio and Elizabeth, 2021 | 438 | N.A. | Mexico | North America | General population | N.A. |
| Aslam et al., 2021 | 250 | N.A. | Pakistan | Asia | General population | 24.02 |
| Aslan and Dinç, n.d. | 845 | 8 | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Barbosa-Camacho et al., 2021 | 1216 | 5 | Mexico | North America | General population | 37.5 |
| Broche-Pérez et al., 2020 | 772 | 4.5 | Cuba | North America | General population | 36 |
| Bukhari et al., 2021 | 200 | N.A. | Pakistan | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Cervantes-Guevara et al., 2021 | 1529 | 7 | Mexico | North America | High school personnel | N.A. |
| De los Santos and Labrague, 2021 | 385 | 6 | Philippines | Asia | Hospital staff | 32.65 |
| De Los Santos et al., 2021 | 261 | 6 | Philippines | Asia | Healthcare students | 20.7 |
| Doğan et al., 2021 | 135 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Medical | 47.39 |
| Elsayed and Ghazi, 2021 | 275 | 6.5 | Egypt | Middle East | Healthcare students | N.A. |
| Ghaderi et al., 2021 | 457 | 4.5 | Iran | Middle East | General population | 37.86 |
| Grande and Doyle-Baker, 2021 | 680 | 13.5 | Canada | North America | University students | 23 |
| Green et al., 2021 | 608 | 9 | Pakistan | Asia | University students | 24.76 |
| Gélinas et al., 2021 | 1517 | N.A. | Canada | North America | Hospital staff | 41.11 |
| Jafari-Oori et al., 2021 | 350 | N.A. | Iran | Middle East | General population | N.A. |
| Jan et al., 2021 | 530 | 4 | Pakistan | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Kaçoğlu et al., 2021 | 176 | 12 | Turkey | Europe | University students | 22.6 |
| Kakodkar et al., 2021 | 198 | 4.5 | India | Asia | University students | N.A. |
| Karadem et al., 2021 | 527 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | 35.7 |
| Karahan et al., 2021 | 138 | 12.5 | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | 37.6 |
| Kardaş, 2021 | 679 | 9 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 26.7 |
| Krägeloh et al., 2021 | 1029 | 4.5 | Saudi Arabia | Middle East | General population | 33.7 |
| Landa-Blanco et al., 2021 | 595 | N.A. | Honduras | North America | General population | 25.1 |
| Mahmoud et al., 2021 | 382 | 11.5 | Egypt | Middle East | Hospital staff | 33.83 |
| Malik et al., 2021 | 421 | 4.5 | Pakistan | Asia | Hospital staff | 30.81 |
| Mamun, 2021 | 10,052 | 4 | Bangladesh | Asia | General population | 26.95 |
| Mistry et al., 2021 | 1032 | 10 | Bangladesh | Asia | Older adults | N.A. |
| Montag et al., 2021 | 932 | N.A. | China | Asia | University students | 21.1 |
| Osagiator Ariyo et al., 2021 | 413 | N.A. | Nigeria | Africa | Hospital staff | 38.7 |
| Öztürk Altınayak and Yılar Erkek, 2021 | 1749 | 11 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 32.9 |
| Parlak and Akgün Şahin, 2021 | 70 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Medical | N.A. |
| Siddique et al., 2021 | 521 | N.A. | Bangladesh | Asia | General population | 24.78 |
| Sotomayor-Beltran et al., 2021 | 449 | 9 | Peru | South America | General population | 40.75 |
| Sürme et al., 2021 | 639 | 11 | Turkey | Europe | Medical | 46.12 |
| Tan et al., 2021 | 352 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | University students | 20.04 |
| Ünver and Yeniğün, 2021 | 202 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | 35.54 |
| Wakashima et al., 2020 | 450 | 4 | Japan | Asia | General population | 48.13 |
| Yaşar Can and Dilmen Bayar, 2021 | 171 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Midorikawa et al., 2021 | 6750 | 8 | Japan | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Morales-Rodríguez, 2021 | 180 | 4.5 | Spain | Europe | University students | 20.76 |
| Giordani et al., 2021a | 4638 | 7 | Brazil | South America | General population | 41.50 |
| Kassim et al., 2021 | 255 | 5.5 | Malaysia | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Giordani et al., 2021b | 387 | 9.5 | Mozambic | Africa | General population | 34.50 |
| Ahammed et al., 2021 | 1317 | 4 | Bangladesh | Asia | University students | N.A. |
| Yalçın et al., 2022 | 588 | 6.5 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 30.42 |
| Studies included in the meta-analysis for gender and COVID-19 related anxiety | ||||||
| Magano et al., 2021 | 1122 | 10.5 | Portugal | Europe | General population | 31.90 |
| van de Venter et al., 2021 | 248 | N.A. | South Africa | Africa | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Ypsilanti et al., 2021 | 101 | 5.5 | UK | Europe | General population | 29.10 |
| Sarıgedik and Bahar Ölmez, 2021 | 407 | 13.5 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 29.54 |
| Guzel et al., 2021 | 370 | 12 | Turkey | Europe | Healthcare students | N.A. |
| Öztekin et al., 2021 | 479 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | General population | N.A. |
| Ojalehto et al., 2021 | 438 | N.A. | USA | North America | General population | 30.29 |
| Eşkut et al., 2021 | 247 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Medical | 45.95 |
| Chorwe-Sungani, 2021 | 102 | 8 | Malawi | Africa | Hospital staff | 36.70 |
| García-Reyna et al., 2021 | 2140 | 5.5 | Mexico | North America | Hospital staff | 36.10 |
| Curtis et al., 2021 | 281 | 7.5 | USA | North America | General population | 64.69 |
| Çakmak and Öztürk, 2021 | 162 | N.A. | Turkey | Europe | Hospital staff | 36.9 |
| Ashoor et al., 2021 | 129 | 6 | Saudi Arabia | Middle East | Hospital staff | N.A. |
| Bhattacharya et al., 2021 | 154 | N.A. | India | Asia | Mental health workers | 33.89 |
| Broche-Pérez et al., 2021 | 373 | 8 | Cuban | North America | General population | 32.1 |
| Akyildiz and Durna, 2021 | 290 | 8 | Turkey | Europe | Academics | N.A. |
| Padovan-Neto et al., 2021 | 505 | 8 | Brazil | South America | General population | N.A. |
| Srivastava et al., 2020 | 66 | 6.5 | India | Asia | General population | N.A. |
| Orrù et al., 2021 | 697 | 10 | Italy | Europe | General population | N.A. |
| Labrague and De Los Santos, 2021 | 736 | 9.5 | Philippines | Asia | Hospital staff | 31.9 |
| Saravanan et al., 2020 | 433 | 5 | UAE | Middle East | University students | 21 |
| Lee et al., 2020 | 398 | N.A. | USA | North America | General population | 35.91 |
| Evren et al., 2020 | 1113 | 5 | Turkey | Europe | General population | 43.32 |