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. 2022 May 11;310:384–395. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.036

Table 3.

Results of categorical moderator analyses.

Outcome	Predictors	Categories	k	d	95% CI	Q-between
COVID-19 anxiety	Continent	Africa	2	0.370^⁎	[0.071, 0.699]	12.815^⁎
		Asia	3	0.360	[−0.004, 0.725]
		Europe	10	0.478^⁎⁎⁎	[0.319, 0.637]
		Middle East	2	−0.392	[−1.099, 0.314]
		North America	5	0.189^⁎⁎⁎	[0.083, 0.295]
	Culture	Collectivism	17	0.326^⁎⁎⁎	[0.149, 0.504]	0.208
	Culture	Individualism	6	0.274^⁎⁎⁎	[0.132, 0.415]	0.208
	Population	General	12	0.331^⁎⁎⁎	[0.228, 0.434]	0.137
	Population	Hospital staff	6	0.296^⁎⁎⁎	[0.140, 0.352]	0.137
COVID-19 fear	Continent	Asia	20	0.288^⁎⁎⁎	[0.226, 0.351]	9.050^⁎
		Europe	18	0.390^⁎⁎⁎	[0.255, 0.525]
		Middle East	8	0.048	[−0.157, 0.254]
		North America	10	0.367^⁎⁎⁎	[0.258, 0.476]
	Culture	Collectivism	56	0.296^⁎⁎⁎	[0.243, 0.349]	2.128
	Culture	Individualism	4	0.466^⁎⁎⁎	[0.244, 0.688]	2.128
	Population	General	30	0.316^⁎⁎⁎	[0.246, 0.387]	1.593
		Hospital staff	13	0.248^⁎⁎⁎	[0.121, 0.375]
		Medical	3	0.357^⁎⁎⁎	[0.123, 0.591]
		University	10	0.360^⁎⁎⁎	[0.220, 0.501]

Note. k = number of studies, Cochran's Q = tests of heterogeneity, CI: confidence interval.

^⁎

p < .05.

^⁎⁎⁎

p < .001.