Fig. 1.

Saccadic paradigms. (A) Visually guided saccade: a visual stimulus is shown randomly to the right or left side of a central point of fixation and participants are directed to react with quick and accurate EMs. (B) Antisaccade: the EMs are oriented toward a spatial position in the visual field contrasting the stimulus. (C) Memory-guided saccade: participants are directed to inhibit natural reflexive EMs when a new stimulus appears as well as to suppress the saccade until the central fixation point is offset. At the time of the saccadic initiation, there is no visual information on the location of the previously displayed target. (D) Predictive saccade: a visible target steps in spatial variants in a foreseeable chronological sequence