Figure 2.
Neurodevelopment of HEU children compared with HU children
CD=cognitive development. LD=language development. MD=motor development. AB=adaptive behaviour. SEB=social-emotional behaviour. HEU=HIV-exposed uninfected. HU=HIV-unexposed. ADBB=Alarm Distress Baby Scale. BINS=Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener. BSID-II=Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 2nd edition. BSID-III=Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition. CDI=MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. DDST-II=Denver Developmental Screening Test 2nd edition. DMC=Developmental Milestones Checklist. FSDQ=Full-Scale Developmental Quotient. GMDS=Griffiths Mental Development Scales. KABC-II=Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition. MDAT=Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool. MSEL=Mullen Scales of Early Learning. PDMS=Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. RITLS=Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale. SDQ=Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. SONR=Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test. VABS=Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales. Beery-VMI=Beery Buktenica Test of Visual Motor Integration. *Where the number differed across domains, the highest number is listed. †Where BSID-III composite scores are reported for language and motor development or BSID-II mental development index was used to reflect cognitive and language development; separately, where applicable, cognitive development was assessed using the MSEL cognitive composite score, MDAT total score, or GMDS general quotient. ‡Unadjusted analysis outcomes defined by statistical significance of p<0·05 or through 95% CIs in group comparisons of the mean or comparison of delay where applicable. §Age is given as 12 months if median age of assessment fell within 1 month of this time-point (appendix pp 19–20). ¶Delay reported here; on analysis of mean scores, Le Roux and colleagues10 reported no significant group differences in mean scores; Wedderburn and colleagues32 reported HEU children had lower receptive and expressive language scores than HU children in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, and lower cognitive scores on unadjusted analysis. ||BSID-II differences at 6 and 18 months only, DDST differences at 6 months. **On analysis of adverse outcomes, HEU children had significantly more expressive language adverse outcomes than HU children on unadjusted and adjusted analyses. ††Studies included as median age within age range.