Table 3.

Disease and therapeutic outcomes of traced MSC in animal model

First Author and Year	Disease	Therapeutic outcomes of MSC therapy
Islamov et al. 2017 [26]	ALS	Successful detection of UCBC in the lumbar spinal cord highlights the survival and homing ability of cells into the CNS. The animal model showed significant improvements in the physiologic and neurologic functions.
Liao et al. 2017 [19]	Experimental colitis	Heparin-induced BMSCs (400 U/kg) displayed lower coagulation rate and greater penetration through the lung capillary network with subsequent distribution to other organs. In the experimental colitis model, authors confirmed reduced weight loss, inflammation, tissue injury and mortality.
Gaafar et al. 2017 [20]	Myocardial infarction	WJ-MSC positively affected the cardiac markers and had differentiated into cardiomyocytes in vivo. This suggests that the cardioprotective function of the WJ-MSC may serve as therapeutic strategy.
Van Linthout et al. 2017 [21]	Cardiomyopathy related Diabetes Mellitus	The systemic infusion of PMSC had cardioprotective effects inferenced by the improved diastolic pressure, cardiomyocyte stiffness, and inflammation. These benefits support the use of PMSC as therapy.
Fabian et al. 2017 [22]	Alzheimer’s Disease	The ageing of BMSC and mice or neuronal status of mice affects the biodistribution and therapy. Transplantation of the young BMSC in young mice greatly displaces the neuronal defects and still maintain regenerative properties in aged or APP/PS1 mice model. The data also suggest that aged MSC will not work as therapy.
Tan et al. 2018 [28]	Transient MCAO	In both vehicle and BMSC groups, [18F]DPA-714 PET showed a high standardized uptake value (SUV) around the ischemic area 3 days after MCAO. Although SUV was increased further 10 days after MCAO in both groups, the increase was inhibited in the BMSC group, significantly. Histologic analysis showed that an inflammatory reaction occurred in the lymphoid organs and brain after MCAO, which was suppressed in the BMSC group.
Gallagher et al. 2019 [30]	MDD	Although the authors did not successfully confirm the presence of MSC in the CNS, they were able to show improved behavioral conditions of the mice. They inferenced a similar mechanism from previous studies where the infused MSC were able to resolve the stress-induced inflammation and improve the cognitive conditions in the mice model.
Ueda et al. 2019 [27]	Wound socket from tooth extraction	Authors found that MSC administered with scaffold and subcutaneous injection did not accumulate in the lungs compared to systemic administration. However, they found that MSC-infused scaffold had better homing and wound healing properties with low risk of adverse effects in tooth extraction sockets.
Baer et al. 2020 [24]	A-T	Author states the efficacy/effects will be explored following this paper. Therefore, no therapeutic results were available to determine safety and efficacy of the cell therapy.
Kosaric et al. 2020 [29]	Excisional wounds	Similar to other studies, authors demonstrated that the effect of MSC infusion on tissue repair is significant, observing acceleration of time to closure using an excisional wound model, and show that the therapeutic effect of intravenous infusion is comparable to direct injection of hMSCs in the context of excisional wound healing.
Levy et al. 2021 [23]	Multiple sclerosis	The systemic administration of Ro-31-8425-loaded MSCs was able to better alleviate symptoms of EAE compared to control MSCs. Additionally, the serum levels of EAE mice show sustained drug levels which had immunomodulatory properties in response to the EAE.
Yudintceva et al. 2021 [25]	Renal tuberculosis	This study demonstrates the recruitment of intravenously administered MSCs to the Mtb-affected sites in a preclinical model of renal tuberculosis in rabbits that can be further explored for the development of novel anti-TB treatment approaches. Furthermore, the study also demonstrates a highly sensitive method of non-linear magnetic response measurements for a sensitive biodistribution analysis of SPIONs-labeled stem cells and for the tracing of their state transformation over a period of time into different organs by the change of M2(H) dependencies.

*Abbreviations: ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; A-T, Ataxia-Telangiectasia; EAE, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis; MCAO, Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion; Mtb, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; NOD/SCID, Nonobese Diabetic/Severe Combined Immunodeficient; TB, Tuberculosis; GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein; CNS, Central Nervous System.