Fig. 1. Major functions of p53.

Various stresses can activate p53 to exert diverse functions, including the classical functions (inducing cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis, maintaining genome stability, modulating metabolism, and autophagy. p53 also influences the tumor microenvironment) and the emerging novel functions (regulating ferroptosis and stemness). All these functions contribute to the tumor-suppressive effect of p53.