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. 2022 Jan 1;30(5):540–546. doi: 10.1038/s41431-021-00978-8

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Human Genetics 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Obesity increased the risk of an outcome or the level of a quantitative trait when they are connected by sharp arrow. On the contrary, obesity decreased the risk of the outcome when they are connected by blunt arrow.