Table 1.

Primary and secondary MR analyses results.

	Primary analyses (UKBB)				Secondary analyses (GWAS)
Outcome	Beta	Pval	NSNP	Sample size (case/control)	Beta	Pval	NSNP	Sample size (case/control)	PMID	Global-Pval	Outlier-corrected
Diabetes diagnosed by doctora	0.023	2.58 × 10−9	44	17,275/342,917	0.114	5.8 × 10−5	44	26,488/83,964	24509480	0.977	–
Urate	0.073	2.03 × 10−5	32	343,836	0.042	2.4 × 10−4	39	110,347	23263486	0.622	–
HDL cholesterol	−0.035	2.36 × 10−6	39	315,133	−0.031	7.5 × 10−4	40	187,167	24097068	0.670	–
Myocardial infarction	0.004	1.64 × 10−2	81	7018/354,176	0.056	2.0 × 10−3	57	43,676/128,199	26343387	0.590	–
Red blood cell count	0.043	1.66 × 10−4	63	350,475	0.012	7.9 × 10−3	44	66,214	23222517	0.823	–
Rheumatoid arthritis	0.003	3.50 × 10−3	87	4017/357,124	0.093	1.1 × 10−2	45	14,361/43,923	24390342	0.780	–
Age started smoking in former smokers	−0.047	3.91 × 10−2	82	88,898	−0.011	1.5 × 10−2	45	47,961	20418890	0.003	3.45 × 10−6
Number of cigarettes previously smoked daily	0.066	1.91 × 10−3	82	84,456	0.387	1.6 × 10−2	47	68,028	20418890	0.139	–
Gout	0.004	8.56 × 10−4	81	5174/355,967	0.106	5.4 × 10−2	44	69,374	23263486	0.087	–
Sleep disorders (combined)b	0.004	3.87 × 10−4	81	2951/358,243	−0.013	6.3 × 10−2	59	128,266	27494321	<5 × 10−4	5.04 × 10−2

Outcomes were the phenotypes reported in the UKB and GWAS.

IVW_beta and IVW_pval the effect size and p value of IVW MR analysis, N_SNP the number of IVs in the analysis, HDL cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, global-Pval the pval of MR-PRESSO global test to detect horizontal pleiotropic effect, Outlier-corrected corrected MR results with outliers being removed to correct horizontal pleiotropic effect.

^aThe phenotype of interest was type 2 diabetes in secondary analyses.

^bThe phenotype of interest was sleep duration in secondary analyses.