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Biomarker performance evaluated by tenfold cross-validation.
| AUROC (95% CI) | Modelling | Validation |
|---|---|---|
| AFP | 0.854 (0.818–0.891) | 0.847 (0.810–0.885) |
| Urine ctDNA | 0.744 (0.703–0.785) | 0.715 (0.668–0.762) |
| Two-stage | 0.912 (0.884–0.939) | 0.902 (0.871–0.933) |
