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. 2022 Apr 27;12:869417. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869417

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Copyright © 2022 Aaltonen, Kyykallio, Tollis, Capra, Hartikainen, Matilainen, Oikari and Rilla

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MCF10CA cells form hyaluronan-rich trails that contain plasma membrane-derived vesicles. Live MCF10 cells stained with CellMask^® to label lipid membranes (A, E) and FITC-conjugated antibody against EV marker CD9 (B, F) co-stained with fHABC to visualize hyaluronan (C, G). A lower-magnification image (G) of double-staining with CellMask and fHABC shows the trails of up to several hundreds of micrometers long coated with hyaluronan. Scanning electron microscopic images of MCF10A (D) and MCF10CA (H). Panel (I) shows a lower magnification overview of trails of MCF10CA cells. A higher-magnification images of the trail-areas show HA-coated (red) EVs (green) of different diameter (J, K). A higher magnification scanning electron microscopic image from the trail area (L). Arrows in all panels point membrane-derived vesicles and arrowheads show hyaluronan-rich trails.