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. 2022 Apr 27;13:857573. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857573

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Proposed algorithm for the management of patients with COVID-19 at ICU admission. This figure shows a potential algorithm for initial patient management at ICU admission, including the most useful biomarkers to be used in the COVID-19 critical care setting. Neurological system: sequential transcranial doppler (TCD) and/or optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in sedated patients for whom conventional neurological evaluation is impossible. Cardiovascular system: electrocardiogram and echocardiography, as well as continuous monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), are suggested on ICU admission. Respiratory system: computed tomography (CT) scan is the gold standard; if not feasible, chest X-ray, CT angiography, and/or lung ultrasound should be performed. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), thyrotropic stimulating hormone (TSH), NGAL, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), interleukin-6 (IL-6). BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; UN, urea nitrogen; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-hormone.