Table 1.
Laboratory biomarkers in COVID-19.
| Biomarkers | Clinical significance | |
|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary function | NSE | Dyspnea |
| LDH, AST | Mortality at admission, longer IMV | |
| Surfactant protein-D, angiopoietin-2, TREM-1, TREM-2 | Severity | |
| Thiol, ferritin, LDH | ARDS development | |
| Platelet count, neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio, CRP, D-dimer, ferritin | Survival at extubation | |
| Kynurenine, p-cresol sulphate | Longer IMV | |
| Metabolomic/proteomic: PPAR, D-arginine, D-ornithine, TRP, alpha linoleic | Fibrosis | |
| Inflammation and infection | PCT | Severity, mortality |
| Neutrophil count | Clinical outcome, mortality | |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | Severity, mortality | |
| Lymphocyte count, CD3+, 4+, 8+, 25+, 127-, NK cells | Severity, mortality | |
| Cardiovascular function | NPs, troponins | CV disease, inflammation, mortality |
| MR-proADM | Survival | |
| CK-MB, myoglobin, D-dimer, BNP, NT-proBNP, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | Prognosis | |
| Coagulation and hemostasis | D-dimer | Mortality |
| Plasma fibrinogen | Hyperinflammation, severity | |
| sVCAM-1, vWF, thrombomodulin, sTNFRI, HS, C5b9, PAI-1, alpha-2 antiplasmin | Severity | |
| vWF, ADAMTS13 | Mortality | |
| Endothelial dysfunction | Severity of pulmonary impairment | |
| Metabolic system | HDL cholesterol | Risk of hospitalization |
| LDL cholesterol | Inflammation | |
| Vitamin A | ARDS development, mortality | |
| Metabolomic/proteomic: cAMP | Mortality | |
| Thyroid hormones | Severity, mortality | |
| Neurological manifestations | GFAP, NfL, tau, S100B, NSE, inflammatory markers | Inflammation, severity |
| D-dimer, LDH, ESR, CRP, lymphocytes, PCT, creatinine | Occurrence of ischemic stroke | |
| Kidney and liver function | Urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, L-FABP | Hospitalization |
| N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β2-microglobulin, α1-microglobulin, L-FABP | Hyperinflammation | |
| PCT, arterial saturation of oxygen, blood urea nitrogen | Acute kidney injury | |
| Creatinine | Acute kidney injury, mortality | |
| Urine blood, urine weight | Mortality | |
| Albumin, direct albumin, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin | Severity |
ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, AST, aspartate aminotransferase, BNP, brain natriuretic peptide, cAMP, adenosine cyclic monophosphate, CD, cluster differentiation, CK-MB, creatine kinase, CRP, C-reactive protein, CV, cardiovascular, ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein, HDL, high density lipoproteins, HS, heparan sulfate, IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation, L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid binding protein, LDH, lactate dehydrogenase, LDL, low density lipoproteins, MR-proADM, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, NfL, neurofilament light polypeptide, NK, natural killer, NPs, natriuretic peptides, NSE, neuron specific enolase, NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-hormone, PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor, PCT, procalcitonin, PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, sTNFRI soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I, sVCAM-1, vascular cells adhesion molecule-1, TREM, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, TRP, transient receptor potential channel, vWF, von Willebrand.