Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by educational attainment of GCKD cohort study participants included in the current analyses
| Characteristics | All patients, 5095 (100%) | Educational attainment |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low, 2718 (53.3%) | Medium, 1586 (31.1%) | High, 791 (15.5%) | ||
| Age, yr | 60.1 ± 11.9 | 63.2 ± 9.8 | 55 ± 13.3 | 59.8 ± 12 |
| Male, n (%) | 3057 (60) | 1648 (60.6) | 834 (52.6) | 575 (72.7) |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 28.9 (7.5) | 29.9 (7.3) | 28.1 (8) | 27.4 (6.5) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
| ≥3×/wk | 964 (18.9) | 471 (17.3) | 270 (17.0) | 223 (28.2) |
| <3×/wk | 4103 (80.5) | 2232 (82.1) | 1303 (82.2) | 568 (71.8) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| (Former) smoker | 3003 (58.9) | 1663 (61.2) | 920 (58.2) | 420 (53.1) |
| Never smoker | 2079 (40.8) | 1047 (38.5) | 662 (41.7) | 370 (46.8) |
| Annual income, n (%) | ||||
| <25,000€ | 1742 (34.2) | 1144 (42.1) | 456 (28.8) | 142 (18.0) |
| ≥25,000€ | 1989 (39.1) | 784 (28.8) | 718 (45.3) | 487 (61.6) |
| Unknown | 1364 (26.8) | 790 (29.1) | 412 (26.0) | 162 (20.5) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| <3×/wk | 2106 (41.3) | 1093 (40.2) | 678 (42.7) | 335 (42.3) |
| ≥3×/wk | 2918 (57.3) | 1580 (58.2) | 890 (56.1) | 448 (56.6) |
| Unknown | 66 (1.3) | 42 (1.5) | 17 (1.1) | 7 (0.9) |
| Private health insurance, n (%) | 353 (6.9) | 84 (3.1) | 105 (6.6) | 164 (20.7) |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1824 (35.8) | 1125 (41.4) | 458 (28.9) | 241 (30.5) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4903 (96.2) | 2656 (97.7) | 1485 (94.3) | 752 (95.1) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 140 ± 20 | 141.1 ± 20.9 | 137.2 ± 19.5 | 138.8 ± 19.7 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 79 ± 12 | 78.5 ± 11.8 | 80.5 ± 11.8 | 79.6 ± 11.4 |
| CVD, n (%) | 1591 (30.5) | 1004 (19.7) | 348 (6.8) | 199 (3.9) |
| Gout, n (%) | 1255 (24.6) | 1918 (27.6) | 330 (20.8) | 176 (22.3) |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 49.4 ± 18.2 | 45.7 ± 16.3 | 52.6 ± 20.2 | 51.3 ± 19.2 |
| UACR, mg/g | 50.9 (382.3) | 45.3 (306.7) | 59.6 (499.7) | 58.3 (488.8) |
| UACR categories, n (%) | ||||
| <30 mg/g | 2118 (41.6) | 1171 (43.1) | 630 (39.7) | 317 (40.1) |
| 30–300 mg/g | 1550 (30.4) | 847 (31.2) | 462 (29.1) | 241 (30.5) |
| >300 mg/g | 1408 (27.6) | 689 (25.3) | 489 (30.8) | 230 (29.1) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 211.2 ± 53 | 208.2 ± 52 | 215.7 ± 53.4 | 212.6 ± 56.3 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 52 ± 18.1 | 50.5 ± 17.3 | 54.5 ± 19.4 | 52.5 ± 18 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 118.3 ± 43.5 | 116.1 ± 42.6 | 121 ± 44 | 120.2 ± 46.5 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 199 ± 128 | 202.3 ± 131.6 | 194.9 ± 125.9 | 197.4 ± 119.5 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7 ± 1.9 | 7.2 ± 1.9 |
| Hb, g/dl | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 13.8 ± 1.8 |
| CRP, mg/l | 2.3 (4) | 2.6 (4.5) | 2 (3.6) | 1.7 (2.8) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 (0.9) | 6.1 (1) | 5.9 (0.8) | 6 (0.8) |
| Calcium, mmol/l | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/l | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
| Sodium, mmol/l | 139.7 ± 2.9 | 139.7 ± 3.0 | 139.7 ± 2.8 | 139.8 ± 2.9 |
| Serum NGAL, ng/ml | 82.1 (46) | 84.9 (46.9) | 79.6 (44.4) | 78.9 (41.4) |
| OPN, ng/ml | 29.2 (21.1) | 30.6 (21.9) | 27.3 (19.9) | 28 (20) |
| hs-TropT, mg/ml | 12 (11.3) | 13 (11.2) | 9.7 (9.8) | 12 (11.4) |
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 178 (327) | 214 (405.2) | 147 (245) | 146 (245.3) |
| H-FABP, ng/ml | 3.8 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.6) | 3.6 (2.5) | 3.6 (2.6) |
| BAP, μg/l | 16.4 (8.3) | 16.8 (8.8) | 16.7 (7.9) | 15.5 (7.6) |
| iPTH, pg/ml | 37.4 (33.8) | 39.3 (34.5) | 34.1 (33.4) | 35.6 (33.9) |
| Medication use | ||||
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 4703 (92.3) | 2552 (93.9) | 1437 (90.6) | 714 (90.3) |
| Antidiabetic medication, n (%) | 1453 (28.5) | 915 (33.7) | 360 (22.7) | 178 (22.5) |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 2602 (51.1) | 1495 (55.0) | 716 (45.1) | 391 (49.4) |
| Gout medication, n (%) | 1673 (32.8) | 988 (36.4) | 446 (28.1) | 239 (30.2) |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 334 (6.6) | 195 (7.2) | 103 (6.5) | 36 (4.6) |
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate based on Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration equation; GCKD, German Chronic Kidney Disease; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; iPTH, intact plasma parathyroid hormone; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Values are expressed as mean values ± SD, medians (interquartile range), or percentages where appropriate.