Table 1.
Means and standard deviation of all cardiovascular variables for the factors of experimental intervention and time.
| 0.1 Hz breathing | 0.1 Hz singing | Spontaneous breathing | Spontaneous singing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 26 | n = 26 | n = 24 | n = 25 | ||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
| SBP (mm/Hg) | Baseline | 126.24 | 9.53 | 125.14 | 8.33 | 128.60 | 9.31 | 132.34 | 12.88 |
| Intervention | 124.31 | 10.28 | 140.44 | 12.55 | 130.65 | 9.68 | 141.29 | 14.54 | |
| Stressor | 148.10 | 16.16 | 151.64 | 14.63 | 156.53 | 18.80 | 149.66 | 17.99 | |
| Recovery | 133.10 | 13.04 | 134.19 | 11.66 | 139.34 | 13.16 | 138.42 | 15.18 | |
| DBP (mm/Hg) | Baseline | 74.36 | 6.55 | 73.64 | 6.36 | 76.51 | 6.54 | 77.71 | 8.32 |
| Intervention | 73.25 | 6.51 | 84.07 | 8.52 | 77.84 | 6.80 | 87.86 | 8.98 | |
| Stressor | 88.84 | 9.29 | 91.50 | 9.71 | 94.29 | 10.60 | 92.05 | 10.10 | |
| Recovery | 79.00 | 8.63 | 79.67 | 7.54 | 83.01 | 8.95 | 83.73 | 9.07 | |
| HR (BPM) | Baseline | 72.48 | 11.58 | 74.12 | 9.63 | 74.78 | 9.07 | 73.89 | 11.56 |
| Intervention | 75.96 | 10.89 | 81.51 | 9.44 | 74.57 | 8.85 | 84.28 | 9.32 | |
| Stressor | 82.32 | 10.11 | 89.46 | 14.56 | 88.98 | 11.03 | 85.28 | 12.30 | |
| Recovery | 71.13 | 10.06 | 74.16 | 9.05 | 73.62 | 8.77 | 71.46 | 9.72 | |
| Log HF-HRV (ms2) | Baseline | 6.67 | 1.41 | 6.82 | 1.16 | 6.48 | 1.16 | 6.77 | 1.38 |
| Intervention | 6.65 | 1.31 | 6.70 | 0.95 | 6.26 | 1.04 | 6.68 | 0.77 | |
| Stressor | 6.44 | 1.16 | 6.15 | 1.17 | 6.54 | 0.66 | 6.39 | 0.76 | |
| Recovery | 6.55 | 1.48 | 6.70 | 1.09 | 6.53 | 1.12 | 6.80 | 1.31 | |
| Log LF-HRV (ms2) | Baseline | 6.71 | 1.29 | 7.04 | 1.17 | 6.78 | 0.94 | 7.01 | 0.98 |
| Intervention | 8.95 | 0.78 | 8.63 | 0.73 | 6.68 | 0.66 | 7.11 | 0.62 | |
| Stressor | 7.42 | 0.81 | 7.24 | 0.91 | 7.48 | 0.68 | 7.37 | 0.46 | |
| Recovery | 7.01 | 1.32 | 7.11 | 1.07 | 6.88 | 0.86 | 7.11 | 0.79 | |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HF-HRV, high frequency heart rate variability; LF-HRV, low frequency heart rate variability.