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. 2022 Mar 21;17(2):284–297. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.02.005

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© 2022 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig 5 — Pharmacodynamics study of r-hirudin loaded in 3DMN patch (A-C). (A) aPTT at different time points in each group (above) and aPTT at 1 h (below), indicating the activation or inhibition of endogenous coagulation pathway and often used to monitor heparin dosage in clinical applications. (B) PT at different time points in each group (above) and PT at 1 h (below), demonstrating the exogenous coagulation system. (C) TT at different time points in each group (above) and TT at 1 h (below) reflects the time when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin which then directly reflects blood anticoagulant concentration. Pharmacokinetics study of r-hirudin in vivo (D-E). (D) The time-release curve of r-hirudin in IV group. (E) The time-release curve of r-hirudin in SC group. (F) The time-release curve of r-hirudin-loaded MN patch post-administration. (G) Pharmacokinetic parameters of r-hirudin post-application in vivo.