Table 1.
Summary of various reported studies on the role of gut microbiota in neuroprotection.
| Microbiota | Neurodegenerative disease | Model | Study outcome | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus buchneri KU200793 | PD/AD | SH-SY5Y cells | Treatment with heat killed strain reduced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and increased BDNF expression | [288] |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B3 and Lactobacillus plantarum | AD | SH-SY5Y cells | Protected cells from Aβ-induced cytotoxicity | [22] |
| Lactococcus lactis p62(SQSTM1)-engineered | AD | 3xTg-AD mice | Diminished oxidative stress and inflammation, reduced levels of amyloid peptides and improved memory | [289] |
| Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 | ALS/HD | Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse model of ALS | Restores lipid homeostasis and energy balance through mitochondrial β oxidation | [290] |
| Clostridium butyricum | AD | APP/PS1 mouse model of AD | Prevents Aβ deposition, microglia activation, production of TNF-α and IL-1β | [291] |
|
Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 |
AD | APPswe and PS11E9 mutant transgenic mice |
Ferulic acid produced by bacretia reduces oxidative stress, Aβ fibrillation and improves memory | [292] |
|
Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, E.coli Nissle and Bifidobacterium infantis spp. |
AD/PD | NA | Proficient in producing butyrate, propionate and acetate | [293] |
|
Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC1325 |
AD | D-galactose- induced AD mice model | ATPase enzyme levels and Na+ and K+ ATPase activity was restored required for potential neural activity | [294], [295] |
|
SLAB51 (Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. brevis) |
AD | 3xTg-AD mice | Inhibits Aβ deposition, decreased acylation of p53 protein along with increase in SIRT1 deacetylase activity and ADAM10-α secretase activity | [274] |
| Rumnicoccus albus | NA | Oxidative stress induced Sprague Dawley rats and SH-SY5Y cells | Reduced ROS levels and increased SOD and GSH levels in oxidative stress condition | [23] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis | PD | Human PD patients | Reduced symptoms of abdominal pain and bloating | [296] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum | PD | Human PD patients | Decreased movement disorder society-unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale scores | [297] |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | PD | Human PD patients | Improved abdominal symptoms | [298] |
|
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum |
AD | Human AD patients | Decreased C- reactive protein (CRP) levels and insulin resistance and neuronal cell death | [299] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum | PD | 6-OHDA treated male Wister rats | Improved rotational behavior, cognitive function, lipid peroxidation, and neuronal damage | [300] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum | AD | Animal model of AD | Improved cognitive performance and restored synaptic plasticity | [301] |
| L. casei LC122 and B. longum BL986 | Age related neurodegeneration | C57BL/6 mice | Attenuated oxidative stress, improved gut barrier function and inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation | [302] |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii | AD | Germ free mice | Decreased kynurenine and increased serotonin levels | [303] |